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Women Had Always Been Thought Of As Looking After The Family When Men Go And Earn An Income And They're The Bread Earner And So On. So There Is A Kind Of Generation Of Inequality, [and], On Top Of The Fact, Women Have Pregnancies And Periods, [and] When The Children Are Very Small, There Are Greater Demands On Their Time. So One Way Or Another Women Have Had A Pretty Rough Deal In The Past, And There's No Reason Why That Should Continue, And Any Country That Has Tried To Remedy That Has Succeeded In Doing So.

-Amartya Sen

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Women Had Always Been

Amartya Sen

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Women Had Always Been Thought Of As Looking After The Family When Men Go And Earn An Income And They're The Bread Earner And So On. So There Is A Kind Of Generation Of Inequality, [and], On Top Of The Fact, Women Have Pregnancies And Periods, [and] When The Children Are Very Small, There Are Greater Demands On Their Time. So One Way Or Another Women Have Had A Pretty Rough Deal In The Past, And There's No Reason Why That Should Continue, And Any Country That Has Tried To Remedy That Has Succeeded In Doing So.

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You Cant Prevent Undernourishment So Easily, But Famines You Can Stop With Half An Effort. Then The Question Was Why Dont The Governments Stop Them?

Imparting Education Not Only Enlightens The Receiver, But Also Broadens The Giver - The Teachers, The Parents, The Friends.

Democracy Is A Universal Value

I Was Born In A University Campus And Seem To Have Lived All My Life In One Campus Or Another.

After All, The American Society Has Been Also Based On The Premise Of Expanding Education Very Early. That's Been [one] Of The Main Sources Of Success Of The Americans. And There Is Something That The World Can Learn From It And Also Be Assisted By The United States Along With Europe And The Rest Of The World. I Really Hope That This Is An Issue That Engages The American Public.

Japan Became An Imperialist Country In Many Ways, But That Was Much Later, After It Had Already Made Big Progress. I Dont Think Japans Wealth Was Based On Exploiting China. Japans Wealth Was Based On Its Expansion In International Trade.

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When The Government Is Trying To Penny-pinch And, At The Same Time, Trying To Keep A Defense Expenditure And So Forth, Which Are Regarded As Quote Unquote Essential, The Education Is Regarded Inessential.

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Sometimes The Lack Of Substantive Freedoms Relates Directly To Economic Poverty, Which Robs People Of The Freedom To Satisfy Hunger; Or To Achieve Sufficient Nutrition, Or To Obtain Remedies For Treatable Illnesses Or The Opportunity To Be Adequatley Clothed Or Sheltered, Or To Enjoy Clean Water Or Sanitary Facilities.

I Think Gender Inequality Is A Problem That Goes Back A Long, Long Time. In Human Society, As A Whole, Women Have Tended To Have A Kind Of Inferior Position - Very Often Combined With Playing Up Women As Great Role [models].

I'm Generally In Favor Of Economic Globalization. Having Said That, It Doesnt Always Work And Does Not Immediately Work In The Interest Of All. There Are Sufferers.

Economic Globalization

Progress Is More Plausibly Judged By The Reduction Of Deprivation Than By The Further Enrichment Of The Opulent

Women Had Always Been Thought Of As Looking After The Family When Men Go And Earn An Income And They're The Bread Earner And So On. So There Is A Kind Of Generation Of Inequality, [and], On Top Of The Fact, Women Have Pregnancies And Periods, [and] When The Children Are Very Small, There Are Greater Demands On Their Time. So One Way Or Another Women Have Had A Pretty Rough Deal In The Past, And There's No Reason Why That Should Continue, And Any Country That Has Tried To Remedy That Has Succeeded In Doing So.

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From The Mid-1970s, I Also Started Work On The Causation And Prevention Of Famines.

The Student Community Of Presidency College Was Also Politically Most Active.

No Famine Has Ever Taken Place In The History Of The World In A Functioning Democracy.

Human Life Consists Of Doing Certain Things ... To Take Part In The Life Of The Community; To Be Able To Talk About Subjects That Interest Me And There Freedom Of Speech Comes Into It.

Freedom Of Speech

If A Theory Of Justice Is To Guide Reasoned Choice Of Policies, Strategies Or Institutions, Then The Identification Of Fully Just Social Arrangements Is Neither Necessary Nor Sufficient.

One Has To Be Realistic. Ones Concern For Equity And Justice In The World Must Not Carry One Into The Alien Territory Of Unreasoned Belief. Thats Very Important.

There Are Muslims Of All Kinds. The Idea Of Closing Them Into A Single Identity Is Wrong.

I Think The Un's Role - Especially Since It's Not An Extremely Rich Fund, And That's To Put It Mildly - Is Mainly To Act As A Leading Thinker Of The World In Terms Of How To Think About The Future.

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I Remain Instinctively Hostile To Communitarian Philosophy And Communitarian Politics.

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Poverty Is Not Just A Lack Of Money; It Is Not Having The Capability To Realize One's Full Potential As A Human Being

[the] Usa Has Been Immensely Successful In Making The Determination To Deal With Terrorism [as] A Factor In The Global World And, Similarly, If It Took A Similar Interest In Education, It Could Make A Difference.

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Education Is Important

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Democracies Have

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It Seems To Me To Be Kind Of Inescapable That One Has To Be Interested In The Issue Of Gender And Gender Equality. I Dont Really Expect Any Credit For Going In That Direction. Its The Only Natural Direction To Go In. Why Is It That Some People Dont See That As So Patently Obvious As It Should Be?

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There Are Some People Who Say That Theyre Concerned Only With Poverty But Not Inequality. But I Dont Think That Is A Sustainable Thought. A Lot Of Poverty Is, In Fact, Inequality Because Of The Connection Between Income And Capabilityhaving Adequate Resources To Take Part In The Life Of The Community.

It Is Also Very Engaging - And A Delight - To Go Back To Bangladesh As Often As I Can, Which Is Not Only My Old Home, But Also Where Some Of My Closest Friends And Collaborators Live And Work.

The Fact That Schools Can Actually Be A Major Factor In Cementing The World Is A Factor That's Worth Considering, The Fact That We All Have A Shared Human Identity In Addition To Many Other Identities.

Every Time You Have An Opportunity Of Opening A School, Its Fee And Funding Is Really Relatively Small In Comparison With The Big Expenditure, Which Is Basically Quote Unquote Defense. I Think If There Were Fees, Progress Could Be Very Much Faster. But For That We Need Not Only The Government In Different Countries To Understand It But The Society To Put Pressure On It, The Parents To Understand That Their Desire To Have Their Children Educated Can Actually Be Realized, And It Could Make A Dramatic Difference.

To Conclude This Discussion, Assessment Of Justice Demands Engagement With The 'eyes Of Mankind',first, Because We May Variously Identify With The Others Elsewhere And Not Just With Our Local Community;second, Because Our Choices And Actions May Affect The Lives Of Others Far As Well As Near;and Third,because What They See From Their Respective Perspective Of History And Geography May Help Us To Overcome Our Own Parochialism.

I Think In Those Countries, Including My Own In India, Where I Think Primary Education Has Been Badly Neglected By Successive Governments, I Blame The Opposition As Much. Why Have They Allowed The Government To Get Away With It?

If The Government Is Vulnerable To Public Opinion, Then Famines Are A Dreadfully Bad Thing To Have. You Cant Win Many Elections After A Famine, And You Dont Like Being Criticized By Newspapers, Opposition Parties In Parliament, And So On. Democracy Gives The Government An Immediate Political Incentive To Act.

But Once We Recognize That Many Ideas That Are Taken To Be Quintessentially Western Have Also Flourished In Other Civilizations, We Also See That These Ideas Are Not As Culture-specific As Is Sometimes Claimed. We Need Not Begin With Pessimism, At Least On This Ground, About The Prospects Of Reasoned Humanism In The World.

Empowering Women Is Key To Building A Future We Want

The Lack Of Economic Freedom Could Be A Very Major Reason For Loss Of Liberty, Liberty Of Life.

In India, [in] The Great Documents Like [the] Upanishads In Eighth Century B.c., You Find Some Of The Wisest [women] Making Great, Learned Speeches And Then You Worship Them, But Actually Don't Do Very Much About Girls' Education Generally. So I Think There Has Been A Kind Of Dual Presence Of Pain, Respect, And Saying You Are Great, Etc., But Not Providing The Basic Facilities That Make Women Able To Lead The Kind Of Life That They Would Like To And That Men Easily Do.

There Is Considerable Evidence That Women's Education And Literacy Tend To Reduce The Mortality Rates Of Children

The Arab World Is Also The World That Produced Some Of The Greatest Improvements In Mathematics And In Science. Even Today, When A Princeton Mathematician Does An Algorithm, He May Not Remember That "algorithm" Derived From The Name Al-khwarizmi, Who Is A Ninth-century Arab Mathematician.

The Identity Of An Individual Is Essentially A Function Of Her Choices, Rather Than The Discovery Of An Immutable Attribute

Nearly Everywhere Buddhism Went, There Had Been A Higher Level Of Literacy, Even In Miserable Burma, Not To Mention Thailand And Sri Lanka.

Even Though Im Pro-globalization, I Have To Say Thank God For The Anti-globalization Movement. Theyre Putting Important Issues On The Agenda.

It Was Incredible To Me That Members Of One Community Could Kill Members Of Another Not For Anything Personal That They Did But Simply Based On Their Identity.

We Might Have Reason To Be Driven! We Live For A Short Stretch Of Time In A World We Share With Others. Virtually Everything We Do Is Dependent On Others, From The Arts And Culture To Farmers Who Grow The Food We Eat.

In Absolutely Every Way, Our Lives Are Transformed By Education And Basic Education In Particular. So I Would Have Thought That In Any Kind Of System, To Say That The Priorities Don't Include Education Is A Mistake, Whether It's [at The] Domestic Level Or At The Global Level.

Belonging To Humanity Is A Great Thing For Us, And I Think The Schools Can Do It. So I Think We Can Look After The Quality Of Education On The School Even As We Expand The Availability Of Schooling.

The Notion Of Human Right Builds On Our Shared Humanity. These Rights Are Not Derived From The Citizenship Of Any Country, Or The Membership Of Any Nation, But Are Presumed To Be Claims Or Entitlements Of Every Human Being. They Differ, Therefore, From Constitutionally Created Rights Guaranteed For Specific People.

Human Development, As An Approach, Is Concerned With What I Take To Be The Basic Development Idea: Namely, Advancing The Richness Of Human Life, Rather Than The Richness Of The Economy In Which Human Beings Live, Which Is Only A Part Of It.

One Of The Things That Any Kind Of Studies Bring Out Is That The Mere Act Of Schooling - Getting Together, The Organization Involved, Going To Classes On Time, And There're Things Being Taught, Sitting Down With Others With Different Backgrounds, Chatting With Them, And, Sometimes When There Are Big Barriers, Eating Together When There Are School Meals, Which Are Big Things Together With A Big Social Impact - They Themselves Have A Major Effect.

Eating Together

No Substantial Famine Has Ever Occurred In A Democratic Country - No Matter How Poor.

Women's Education Has A Much Greater Impact [on], For Example, Fertility. Men's Education, If Our Studies Are Correct, Ha[s] Almost No Impact On Fertility. Women's Do. So, By The Way, As A Man, It's Not To The Glory Of Men Specifically That It's Women's Education That Reduces Child Mortality.

Violence Is Fomented By The Imposition Of Singular And Belligerent Identities On Gullible People, Championed By Proficient Artisans Of Terror.

Economic Growth Without Investment In Human Development Is Unsustainable - And Unethical.

To Say That Certainly America Was Very Lucky To Get A Large Amount Of Land, And The Native Indians Were Extremely Unlucky To Have White Men Coming Over Here, Is One Thing. But To Say That The Whole Of The American Prosperity Was Based On Exploiting The Indigenous Population Would Be A Great Mistake.

Education Makes Human Beings More Articulate. It Transforms People. You Can Think Differently About The World. It Makes It Possible For You To Get Jobs. It Makes A Dramatic Difference. It Generates A Social Equity That We Need.

Famines Occur Under A Colonial Administration, Like The British Raj In India Or For That Matter In Ireland, Or Under Military Dictators In One Country After Another, Like Somalia And Ethiopia, Or In One-party States Like The Soviet Union And China.

Education Makes Us The Human Beings We Are. It Has Major Impacts On Economic Development, On Social Equity, Gender Equity. In All Kinds Of Ways, Our Lives Are Transformed By Education And Security. Even If It Had Not One Iota Of Effect [on] Security, It Would Still Remain In My Judgment The Biggest Priority In The World.

I Was Told Indian Women Don't Think Like That About Equality. But I Would Like To Argue That If They Don't Think Like That They Should Be Given A Real Opportunity To Think Like That.

South Korea From A Country That Had Relatively Little Primary Education Became Close To Universal Literacy In The Course Of 25, 30 Years, In A Way Trying To Replicate What Japan Had Done Earlier. They Were Learning To Some Extent From The Japanese Experience Too. So I Think, In A Sense, The East Asians Were Following A Path, Which All Other Countries Including South Asia Could Follow But Chose Not Too.

The Market Economy Succeeds Not Because Some People's Interests Are Suppressed And Other People Are Kept Out Of The Market, But Because People Gain Individual Advantage From It.

Being Able To Read, Write, Do Your Sums Really Transforms A Human Being.

Virtually Everything We Do Is Dependent On Others, From The Arts And Culture To Farmers Who Grow The Food We Eat. Quite A Lot Of The Differences That Make Us Rich And Poor Are Matters Just Of Luck. To Somehow Revel In Ones Privilege Would Be A Mistake. An Even Bigger Mistake Would Be Trying To Convert That Into A Theory That The Rich Are So Much More Productive Than Many Of Us.

One Has To Bring The Multidimensional Impact That Schooling Makes In The Lives Of People. There's Nothing Like It, And I Think The Importance Of It Has To Be Shaken Into People's Understanding And Determination.

Globalization Can Be Very Unjust And Unfair And Unequal, But These Are Matters Under Our Control. Its Not That We Dont Need The Market Economy. We Need It. But The Market Economy Should Not Have Priority Or Dominance Over Other Institutions.

Theres A Clear And Strong Connection Between Fertility Reduction And Womens Literacy And Empowerment, Including Womens Gainful Employment. If You Look At The More Than 300 Districts Of India, The Strongest Influences In Explaining Fertility Variations Are Womens Literacy And Gainful Economic Employment.

[n]o Democracy With A Free Press Has Ever Experienced A Major Famine.

Resenting The Obtuseness Of Others Is Not Good Ground For Shooting Oneself In The Foot.

Development Cannot Really Be So Centered Only On Those In Power.

You Have To Be Interested In Inequality. The Issue Of Inequality And That Of Poverty Are Not Separable.

I Think Just As Armament Had A Major Impact Of A Negative Kind In The World, Education Is Something Which Has A Major Impact Of A Positive Kind In The World. And I Think The American Population, With Its Humanity And With Its Concern About The Future Of The World, Has A Real Reason To Think About What It Can Do To Help The World In Expanding Education.

I Really Do Believe That Education, Despite This Massive Potential In Transforming Human Lives, Has Not Received The Kind Of Attention That People Should Have Given To It.

I Think One Big Thing About The United States Is That The American Population, They May Be Excited About Iraq Or One Thing Or Another, But Basically Has Had A Great Deal Of Interest In Humanitarian Causes Both Within The Country And Abroad. Even When They Criticize The Mechanism To Which It Flows.

I Left Delhi, In 1971, Shortly After Collective Choice And Social Welfare Was Published In 1970.

Welfare Programs

Freedoms Are Not Only The Primary Ends Of Development, They Are Also Among Its Principal Means.

80 Percent Of The Export Of Armament In The World Comes From The G8 Countries. [the] United States Alone Exports About 50 Percent Of The World's Armament, [for] Which, Of Course, There Has To Be Buyers, And The Buyers Are Very Terribly Keen, Very Often Military Dictator[s] Or Sometimes Not Military Dictator[s] But For Military Purposes. But The Sellers Are Also Promoting This Trade. And Two Thirds Of The Arm Exports Go To Developing Countries. I'm In Favor Of Putting A Control On It, A Ban On It.

Its Scandalous When One Thinks About The People Who Live In A World In Which They Need Not Be Hungry, In Which They Need Not Die Without Medical Care, In Which They Need Not Be Illiterate, They Need Not Feel Hopeless And Miserable So Much Of The Time, And Yet They Are.

But The Idea That I Should Be A Teacher And A Researcher Of Some Sort Did Not Vary Over The Years.

Development Requires Major Source Of Unfreedom: Poverty As Well As Tyranny, Poor Economic Opportunities As Well As Systematic Social Deprivation, Neglect Of Public Facilities As Well As Intolerance Or Overactivity Of Repressive States.

Education Could Be A Great Vehicle For Gender Equity. It Allows People To See What Your Rights Are By Reading. Quite Often Women, For Example, May Have Rights That They Are Not In The Position To Actually Make Use Of.

The Elimination Of Ignorance, Of Illiteracy... And Of Needless Inequalities In Opportunities (is) To Be Seen As Objectives That Are Valued For Their Own Sake. They Expand Our Freedom To Lead The Lives We Have Reason To Value, And These Elementary Capabilities Are Of Importance On Their Own

The Themes That The Anti-globalization Protesters Bring To The Discussion Are Of Extraordinary Importance. However, The Theses That They Often Bring To It, Sometimes In The Form Of Slogans, Are Often Oversimple.

I Don't Think Poverty Provides That Much Of An Obstacle To Education As One Thinks. I Think The Bigger Obstacle To Education Is The Fact That It's A Very Hard Thing To Do For A First-generation Schoolgoer. Because Not To Have Parents At Home Who Can Help You, Motivate You, Is A Problem Even When The Parents Are In The Abstract Very Keen On Children Being Educated.

To Say That The Whole Of The Industrial Experience Of Europe And America Just Shows The Rewards Of Exploiting The Third World Is A Gross Simplification.

Europe And America

The Success Of A Society Is To Be Evaluated Primarily By The Freedoms That Members Of The Society Enjoy.

[to Organize A School] Looks Much More Difficult In Theory Than It Does In Practice.

Any Classification According To A Singular Identity Polarizes People In A Particular Way, But If We Take Note Of The Fact That We Have Many Different Identities - Related Not Just To Religion But Also To Language, Occupation And Business, Politics, Class And Poverty, And Many Others - We Can See That The Polarization Of One Can Be Resisted By A Fuller Picture. So Knowledge And Understanding Are Extremely Important To Fight Against Singular Polarization.

Globalization Is A Complex Issue, Partly Because Economic Globalization Is Only One Part Of It. Globalization Is Greater Global Closeness, And That Is Cultural, Social, Political, As Well As Economic.

Economic Globalization

The Opportunities, Income, Schools Facilities, The Basic Income Support That The Government Provides Or Any Of These Things .. Public Transport Arrangements We Have.. All These Are Part Of The Way Our Lives And Freedoms Are Effected.

Education Can Really Transform The Insecurities In The World Into A Bigger Vision Of What We Are As Human Beings.

Sometimes The Lack Of Substantive Freedoms Relates Directly To Economic Poverty

If You're Dealing With Grappling [with] Problems Of Feeding People, The Biggest Impact In Fertility Reduction Is Girls' Schools. Schooled Girls Make A Bigger Impact On That Than Any Other Factor - Not These Various Regulations [such As] You Have To Have One Child Or That. It Turns Out That None Of These Are Effective.

We Need To Ask The Moral Questions: Do I Have A Right To Be Rich? And Do I Have A Right To Be Content Living In A World With So Much Poverty And Inequality? These Questions Motivate Us To View The Issue Of Inequality As Central To Human Living.

The Higher Education Has Always Appealed To The South Asian Social Leaders Across All The Countries In South Asia. But Primary Education Has Been Neglected. The Oddity, By The Way, Is If You Look At The Contrast In India, There Are Some Areas Like Kerala Where There's A Long History Of Educational Development.

I Think The Whole Progress Over The Last Two Or Three Millennia Has Been Entirely Dependent On Ideas And Techniques And Commodities And People Moving From One Part Of The World To Another. It Seems Difficult To Take An Anti-globalization View If One Takes Globalization Properly In Its Full Sense.

The Identity Of Just One Thing, The "clash Of Civilization" View That You're A Muslim Or A Hindu Or A Buddhist Or A Christian, I Think That's Such A Limited Way Of Seeing Humanity, And Schools Have The Opportunity To Bring Out The Fact That We Have Hundreds Of Identities. We Have Our National Identity. We Have Our Cultural Identity, Linguistic Identity, Religious Identity. Yes, Cultural Identity, Professional Identity, All Kinds Of Ways.

Poverty Is A Big Barrier If You Are At The Bottom Layer Of Society, Don't Know Where The Next Meal Is Coming From. It Is Not A Big Barrier Of Taking The Rich With The Poor In A Big Society To Provide Schooling For All.

The Understanding That Women Are Not Inferior Across The World, It's Something That You Can Get From School, Not Only From The Book But Also From Chatting With Other Kids. It's A Big Impact. One Of The Curious Things Is That Even When - And This We Found From Studies - The Schools Are Doing Pretty Badly In Terms Of Their Education, About Mathematics And Literature And Language, Going To School Transformed People Because I Think The Action Of Schooling, The Activity, Is Very Important.

The Best Hope For Peace In The World Lies In The Simple But Far-reaching Recognition That We All Have Many Different Associations And Affiliations, And We Need Not See Ourselves As Being Rigidly Divided By A Single Categorization Of Hardened Groups, Which Confront Each Other.

There's No Reason Why One Need Not Look At The Content Of Education Just As One Is Expanding The Availability Of School, Because It Doesn't Cost More Money To Get Them [a] Better Education. It Requires Better Textbooks, It Requires A Vision, It Requires A Determination, But It's Not Very Expensive To Do That Anyway.

[globalization] Has Enriched The World Scientifically And Culturally And Benefited Many People Economically As Well.

Economic Globalization

Gender Inequality Is Not One Problem, It's A Collection Of Problems.

Starvation Is The Characteristic Of Some People Not Having Enough Food To Eat. It Is Not The Characteristic Of There Being Not Enough Food To Eat.

Characteristics

We Must Go On Fighting For Basic Education For All, But Also Emphasize The Importance Of The Content Of Education. We Have To Make Sure That Sectarian Schooling Does Not Convert Education Into A Prison, Rather Than Being A Passport To The Wide World.

I Guess Some Of The Most Delightful Moments Of My Teenage Years Were When I Was Trying Not Just To Educate Myself But Trying To Educate Others. And I Could See How The Lives Of Children Could Be Transformed In That.

While I Am Interested Both In Economics And In Philosophy, The Union Of My Interests In The Two Fields Far Exceeds Their Intersection.

The Increasing Tendency Towards Seeing People In Terms Of One Dominant ‘identity’ (‘this Is Your Duty As An American’, ‘you Must Commit These Acts As A Muslim’, Or ‘as A Chinese You Should Give Priority To This National Engagement’) Is Not Only An Imposition Of An External And Arbitrary Priority, But Also The Denial Of An Important Liberty Of A Person Who Can Decide On Their Respective Loyalties To Different Groups (to All Of Which He Or She Belongs).

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