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Where These Reduced (operational - E.w.) Concepts Govern The Analysis Of The Human Reality, Individual Or Social, Mental Or Material, They Arrive At A False Concreteness - A Concreteness Isolated From The Conditions Which Constitute Its Reality. In This Context, The Operational Treatment Of The Concept Assumes A Political Function. The Individual And His Behavior Are Analyzed In A Therapeutic Sense - Adjustment To His Society. Thought And Expression, Theory And Practice Are To Be Brought In Line With The Facts Of His Existence Without Leaving Room For The Conceptual Critique Of These Facts.

-Herbert Marcuse

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Where These Reduced (operational

Herbert Marcuse

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Where These Reduced (operational - E.w.) Concepts Govern The Analysis Of The Human Reality, Individual Or Social, Mental Or Material, They Arrive At A False Concreteness - A Concreteness Isolated From The Conditions Which Constitute Its Reality. In This Context, The Operational Treatment Of The Concept Assumes A Political Function. The Individual And His Behavior Are Analyzed In A Therapeutic Sense - Adjustment To His Society. Thought And Expression, Theory And Practice Are To Be Brought In Line With The Facts Of His Existence Without Leaving Room For The Conceptual Critique Of These Facts.

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Most People Are Afraid Of Freedom. They Are Conditioned To Be Afraid Of It.

Liberating Tolerance, Then, Would Mean Intolerance Against Movements From The Right, And Toleration Of Movements From The Left.

However, If "free Choice" Means More Than A Small Selection Between Pre-established Necessities, And If The Inclinations And Impulses Used In Work Are Other Than Those Preshaped By A Repressive Reality Principle, Then Satisfaction In Daily Work Is Only A Rare Privilege.

The Slaves Of Developed Industrial Civilization Are Sublimated Slaves.

Institutionalized Desublimation Thus Appears To Be An Aspect Of The "conquest Of Transcendence" Achieved By The One-dimensional Society. Just As This Society Tends To Reduce, And Even Absorb Opposition (the Qualitative Difference!) In The Realm Of Politics And Higher Culture, So It Does In The Instinctual Sphere. The Result Is The Atrophy Of The Mental Organs For Grasping The Contradictions And The Alternatives And, In The One Remaining Dimension Of Technological Rationality, The Happy Consciousness Comes To Prevail.

Free Election Of Masters Does Not Abolish The Masters Or The Slaves.

All Liberation Depends On The Consciousness Of Servitude, And The Emergence Of This Consciousness Is Always Hampered By The Predominance Of Needs And Satisfactions Which, To A Great Extent, Have Become The Individual's Own.

The Means Of Communication, The Irresistible Output Of The Entertainment And Information Industry Carry With Them Prescribed Attitudes And Habits, Certain Intellectual And Emotional Reactions Which Bind The Consumers To The Producers And, Through The Latter To The Whole Social System. The Products Indoctrinate And Manipulate; They Promote A False Consciousness Which Is Immune Against Its Falsehood...thus Emerges A Pattern Of One-dimensional Thought And Behavior.

The Unification Of Opposites Which Characterizes The Commercial And Political Style Is One Of The Many Ways In Which Discourse And Communication Make Themselves Immune Against The Expression Of Protest And Refusal.

This Mutual Dependencies No Longer The Dialectical Relationship Between Master And Servant, Which Has Been Broken In The Struggle For Mutual Recognition, But Rather A Vicious Circle Which Encloses Both The Master And The Servant. Do The Technicians Rule, Or Is Their Rule That Of The Others, Who Rely On The Technicians As Their Planners And Executors?

The Precarious Ontological Link Between Logos And Eros Is Broken, And Scientific Rationality Emerges As Essentially Neutral.

In Conditions Of Private Property ... "life-activity" Stands In The Service Of Property Instead Of Property Standing The Service Of Free Life-activity.

If Mass Communications Blend Together Harmoniously, And Often Unnoticeably, Art, Politics, Religion, And Philosophy With Commercials, They Bring These Realms Of Culture To Their Common Denominator -- The Commodity Form. The Music Of The Soul Is Also The Music Of Salesmanship. Exchange Value, Not Truth Value, Counts.

The Liberating Force Of Technology The Instrumentalization Of Things Turns Into ... The Instrumentalization Of Man.

The Society Which Projects And Undertakes The Technological Transformation Of Nature Alters The Base Of Domination By Gradually Replacing Personal Dependence (of The Slave On The Master, The Serf On The Lord Of The Manor, The Lord On The Donor Of The Fief, Etc.) With Dependence On The "objective Order Of Things" (on Economic Laws, The Market Etc.).

The Apparatus Defeats Its Own Purpose If Its Purpose Is To Create A Humane Existence On The Basis Of A Humanized Nature.

The Abbreviations (e.g. Nato, Un, Ussr - E.w.) Denote That And Only That Which Is Institutionalized In Such A Way That The Transcending Connotation Is Cut Off. The Meaning Is Fixed, Doctored, Loaded. Once It Has Become An Official Vocable, Constantly Repeated In General Usage, "sanctioned" By The Intellectuals, It Has Lost All Cognitive Value And Serves Merely For Recognition Of An Unquestionable Fact.

This Organization Of Functional Discourse Is Of Vital Importance; It Serves As A Vehicle Of Coordination And Subordination. The Unified, Functional Language Is An Irreconcilably Anti-critical And Anti-dialectical Language. In It, Operational And Behavioral Rationality Absorbs The Transcendent, Negative, Oppositional Elements Of Reason.

At The Highest Stage Of Capitalism, The Most Necessary Revolution Appears As The Most Unlikely One.

The Range Of Socially Permissible And Desirable Satisfaction Is Greatly Enlarged, But Through This Satisfaction, The Pleasure Principle Is Reduced Deprived Of The Claims Which Are Irreconcilable With The Established Society. Pleasure, Thus Adjusted, Generates Submission.

Technological Rationality Reveals Its Political Character As It Becomes The Great Vehicle Of Better Domination, Creating A Truely Totalitarian Universe In Which Society And Nature, Mind And Body Are Kept In A State Of Permanent Mobilization For The Defense Of This Universe.

Dialectical Thought Understands The Critical Tension Between "is" And "ought" First As An Ontological Condition, Pertaining To The Structure Of Being Itself. However, The Recognition Of This State Of Being Its Theory Intends From The Beginning A Concrete Practice. Seen In The Light Of A Truth Which Appears In Them Falsified Or Denied, The Given Facts Themselves Appear False And Negative.

[art] Can Speak Its Own Language Only As Long As The Images Are Alive Which Refuse And Refute The Established Order.

Precisely Because Galilean Science Is, In The Formation Of Its Concepts, The Technic Of A Specific Lebenswelt , It Does Not And Cannot Transcend This Lebenswelt . It Remains Essentially Within The Basic Experiential Framework And Within The Universe Of Ends Set By This Reality.

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The Functional Language Is A Radically Anti-historical Language: Operational Rationality Has Little Room And Little Use For Historical Reason.

The Judgment That Human Life Is Worth Living, Or Rather Can And Ought To Be Made Worth Living, ... Underlies All Intellectual Effort; It Is The A Priori Of Social Theory, And Its Rejection (which Is Perfectly Logical) Rejects Theory Itself.

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The Ontological Concept Of Truth Is In The Centre Of A Logic Which May Serve As A Model Of Pre- Technological Rationality. It Is The Rationality Of A Two-dimensional Universe Of Discourse Which, Contrasts With The Of Thought And Behavior That Develop In The Execution Of The Technological Project.

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To The Degree To Which They Correspond To The Given Reality, Thought And Behavior Express A False Consciousness, Responding To And Contributing To The Preservation Of A False Order Of Facts. And This False Consciousness Has Become Embodied In The Prevailing Technical Apparatus Which In Turn Reproduces It.

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The Existing Liberties And The Existing Gratifications Are Tied To The Requirements Of Repression: They Themselves Become Instruments Of Repression.

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Thought And Speech Are Of A Thinking And Speaking Subject, And If The Life Of The Latter Depends On The Performance Of A Superimposed Function, It Depends On Fulfilling The Requirements Of This Function Thus It Depends On Those Who Control These Requirements.

In The Form Of The Oeuvre, The Actual Circumstances Are Placed In Another Dimension Where The Given Reality Shows Itself As That Which It Is. Thus It Tells The Truth About Itself; Its Language Ceases To Be That Of Deception, Ignorance, And Submission. Fiction Calls The Facts By Their Name And Their Reign Collapses; Fiction Subverts Everyday Experience And Shows It To Be Mutilated And False.

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The Tangible Source Of Exploitation Disappears Behind The Façade Of Objective Rationality.

The Web Of Domination Has Become The Web Of Reason Itself, And This Society Is Fatally Entangled In It.

Behind The Aesthetic Form Lies The Repressed Harmony Of Sensuousness And Reason

Obscenity Is A Moral Concept In The Verbal Arsenal Of The Establishment, Which Abuses The Term By Applying It, Not To Expressions Of Its Own Morality But To Those Of Another. Pbscene Is Not The Picture Of A Naked Woman Who Exposes Her Pubic Hair But That Of A Fully Clad General Who Exposes His Medals Rewarded In A War Of Aggression; Obscene Is Not The Ritual Of The Hippies But The Declaration Of A High Dignitary Of The Church That War Is Necessary For Peace.

The Superego, In Censoring The Unconscious And In Implanting Conscience, Also Censors The Censor.

The Closed Language Does Not Demonstrate And Explain It Communicates Decision, Dictum, Command. Where It Defines, The Definition Becomes "separation Of Good From Evil;" It Establishes Unquestionable

In The Realm Of Culture, The New Totalitarianism Manifests Itself Precisely In A Harmonizing Pluralism, Where The Most Contradictory Works And Truths Peacefully Coexist In Indifference.

Contemporary Industrial Society Is Now Characterised More Than Ever By "the Need For Stupefying Work Where It Is No Longer A Real Necessity."

When The Whole Is At Stake, There Is No Crime Except That Of Rejecting The Whole, Or Not Defending It. ... Those Who Identify Themselves With The Whole, Who Are Installed As The Leaders And Defenders Of The Whole Can Make Mistakes, But They Cannot Do Wrong - They Are Not Guilty. They May Become Guilty Again When This Identification No Longer Holds, When They Are Gone.

If Man Has Learned To See And Know What Really Is, He Will Act In Accordance With Truth, Epistemology Is In Itself Ethics, And Ethics Is Epistemology.

The Sickness Of The Individual Is Ultimately Caused By And Sustained By The Sickness Of His Civilization

One Can Delineate The Domain Of Philosophy However One Likes, But In Its Search For Truth, Philosophy Is Always Concerned With Human Existence. Authentic Philosophizing Refuses To Remain At The Stage Of Knowledge […]. Care For Human Existence And Its Truth Makes Philosophy A 'practical Science' In The Deepest Sense, And It Also Leads Philosophy—and This Is The Crucial Point—into The Concrete Distress Of Human Existence.

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Inasmuch As Art Preserves, With The Promise Of Happiness, The Memory Of The Goal That Failed, It Can Enter, As A 'regulative Idea,' The Desperate Struggle For Changing The World. Against All Fetishism Of The Productive Forces, Against The Continued Enslavement Of Individuals By The Objective Conditions (which Remain Those Of Domination), Art Represents The Ultimate Goal Of All Revolutions: The Freedom And Happiness Of The Individual.

Not Every Problem Someone Has With His Girlfriend Is Necessarily Due To The Capitalist Mode Of Production.

This (functional - E.w.) Language Controls By Reducing The Linguistic Forms And Symbols Of Reflection, Abstraction, Development, Contradiction; By Substituting Images For Concepts. It Denies Or Absorbs The Transcendent Vocabulary; It Does Not Search For But Establishes And Imposes Truth And Falsehood.

The Criterion For Free Choice Can Never Be An Absolute One, But Neither Is It Entirely Relative.

Coming To Life As Classics, They Come To Life As Other Than Themselves; They Are Deprived Of Their Antagonistic Force, Of The Estrangement Which Was The Very Dimension Of Their Truth.

Glorification Of The 'natural' Is Part Of The Ideology Which Protects An Unnatural Society In Its Struggle Against Liberation.

The So-called Consumer Society And The Politics Of Corporate Capitalism Have Created A Second Nature Of Man Which Ties Him Libidinally And Aggressively To The Commodity Form. The Need For Possessing, Consuming, Handling And Constantly Renewing The Gadgets, Devices, Instruments, Engines, Offered To And Imposed Upon The People, For Using These Wares Even At The Danger Of One’s Own Destruction, Has Become A “biological” Need.

One-dimensional Thought Is Systematically Promoted By The Makers Of Politics And Their Purveyors Of Mass Information. Their Universe Of Discourse Is Populated By Self-validating Hypotheses Which, Incessantly And Monopolistically Repeated, Become Hyponotic Definitions Of Dictations.

Reason ... Contradicts The Established Order Of Men And Things On Behalf Of Existing Societal Forces That Reveal The Irrational Character Of This Order For "rational" Is A Mode Of Thought And Action Which Is Geared To Reduce Ignorance, Destruction, Brutality, And Oppression.

Freed From The Sublimated Form Which Was The Very Token Of Its Irreconcilable Dreams - A Form Which Is The Style, The Language In Which The Story Is Told - Sexuality Turns Into A Vehicle For The Bestsellers Of Oppression. ... This Society Turns Everything It Touches Into A Potential Source Of Progress And Of Exploitation, Of Drudgery And Satisfaction, Of Freedom And Of Oppression. Sexuality Is No Exception.

Our Mass Media Have Little Difficulty In Selling Particular Interests As Those Of All Sensible Men. The Political Needs Of Society Become Individual Needs And Aspirations, Their Satisfaction Promotes Business And The Commonweal, And The Whole Appeals To Be The Very Embodiment Of Reason.

The Truth Of Literature And Art Has Always Been Granted (if It Was Granted At All) As One Of A "higher" Order, Which Should Not And Indeed Did Not Disturb The Order Of Business. What Has Changed In The Contemporary Period Is The Difference Between The Two Orders And Their Truths. The Absorbent Power Of Society Depletes The Artistic Dimension By Assimilating Its Antagonistic Contents. In The Realm Of Culture, The New Totalitarianism Manifests Itself Precisely In A Harmonizing Pluralism, Where The Most Contradictory Works And Truths Peacefully Coexist In Indifference.

Bourgeois Political Economy ... Never Gets To See Man Who Is Its Real Subject. It Disregards The Essence Of Man And His History And Is Thus In The Profoundest Sense Not A 'science Of People' But Of Non-people And Of An Inhuman World Of Objects And Commodities.

The Societal Division Of Labor Obtains The Dignity Of An Ontological Condition.

Division Of Labor

Non-operational Ideas Are Non-behavioral And Subversive. The Movement Of Thought Is Stopped At Barriers Which Appear As The Limits Of Reason Itself.

This Is The Pure Form Of Servitude: To Exist As An Instrument.

Many, And I Think The Determining, Constitutive Facts Remain Outside The Reach Of The Operational Concept. And By Virtue Of This Limitation This Methodological Injunction Against Transitive Concepts Which Might Show The Facts In Their True Light And Call Them By Their True Name The Descriptive Analysis Of The Facts Blocks The Apprehension Of Facts And Becomes An Element Of The Ideology That Sustains The Facts. Proclaiming The Existing Social Reality As Its Own Norm, This Sociology Fortifies In The Individuals The "faithless Faith" In The Reality Whose Victims They Are.

Under The Rule Of A Repressive Whole, Liberty Can Be Made Into A Powerful Instrument Of Domination.

There Is No Free Society Without Silence, Without The Internal And External Spaces Of Solitude In Which The Individual Freedom Can Develop.

The Present Stage Redefines The Possibilities Of Man And Nature In Accordance With The New Means Available For Their Realization.

Freedom Of Enterprise Was From The Beginning Not Altogether A Blessing. As The Liberty To Work Or To Starve, It Spelled Toil, Insecurity, And Fear For The Vast Majority Of The Population. If The Individual Were No Longer Compelled To Prove Himself On The Market, As A Free Economic Subject, The Disappearance Of This Freedom Would Be One Of The Greatest Achievements Of Civilization.

It Is Generally Admitted That The Cultural Values (humanization) And The Existing Institutions And Policies Of Society Are Rarely,if Ever, In Harmony. This Opinion Has Found Expression In The Distinction Between Culture And Civilization, According To Which "culture" Refers To Some Higher Dimension Of Human Autonomy And Fulfillment, While "civilization" Designates The Realm Of Necessity, Of Socially Necessary Work And Behavior, Where Man Is Not Really Himself And In His Own Element But Is Subject To Heteronomy, To External Conditions And Needs.

Society ... Can Afford To Grant More Than Before Because Its Interests Have Become The Innermost Drives Of Its Citizens.

The Strains And Stresses Suffered By The Individual In Society Are Grounded In The Normal Functioning Of That Society (and Of The Individual!) Rather Than In Its Disturbances And Diseases.

The Neo-conservative Critics Of Leftist Critics Of Mass Culture Ridicule The Protest Against Bach As Background Music In The Kitchen, Against Plato And Hegel, Shelley And Baudelaire, Marx And Freud In The Drugstore. Instead, They Insist On Recognition Of The Fact That The Classics Have Left The Mausoleum And Come To Life Again, That People Are Just So Much More Educated. True, But Coming To Life As Classics, They Come To Life As Other Than Themselves; They Are Deprived Of Their Antagonistic Force, Of The Estrangement Which Was The Very Dimension Of Their Truth.

The Psychoanalytic Liberation Of Memory Explodes The Rationality Of The Repressed Individual. As Cognition Gives Way To Re-cognition, The Forbidden Images And Impulses Of Childhood Begin To Tell The Truth That Reason Denies.

The People Are Led To Find In The Productive Apparatus The Effective Agent Of Thought And Action To Which Their Personal Thought And Action Can And Must Be Surrendered. And In This Transfer, The Apparatus Also Assumes The Role Of A Moral Agent. Conscience Is Absolved By Reification.

The Happy Consciousness Is Shaky Enough A Thin Surface Over Fear, Frustration, And Disgust.

To Live One's Love And Hatred, To Live That Which One Is Means Defeat, Resignation, And Death. The Crimes Of Society, The Hell That Man Has Made Or Man Become Unconquerable Cosmic Forces.

Obscenity Is A Moral Concept In The Verbal Arsenal Of The Establishment, Which Abuses The Term By Applying It, Not To Expressions Of Its Own Morality But To Those Of Another.

Dialectical Logic Undoes The Abstractions Of Formal Logic And Of Transcendental Philosophy, But It Also Denies The Concreteness Of Immediate Experience. To The Extent To Which This Experience Comes To Rest With The Things As They Appear And Happen To Be, It Is A Limited And Even False Experience. It Attains Its Truth If It Has Freed Itself From The Deceptive Objectivity Which Conceals The Factors Behind The Facts - That Is, If It Understands Its World As A Historical Universe, In Which The Established Facts Are The Work Of The Historical Practice Of Man.

The Spontaneous Reproduction Of Superimposed Needs By The Individual Does Not Establish Autonomy; It Only Testifies To The Efficacy Of The Control.

The World Of Immediate Experience The World In Which We Find Ourselves Living Must Be Comprehended, Transformed, Even Subverted In Order To Become That Which It Really Is.

By Virtue Of The Way It Has Organized Its Technological Base, Contemporary Industrial Society Tends To Be Totalitarian. For "totalitarian" Is Not Only A Terroristic Political Coordination Of Society, But Also A Non-terroristic Economic-technical Coordination Which Operates Through The Manipulation Of Needs By Vested Interests.

The Way In Which A Society Organizes The Life Of Its Members ... Is One "project" Of Realization Among Others. But Once The Project Has Become Operative In The Basic Institutions And Relations, It Tends To Become Exclusive And To Determine The Development Of The Society As A Whole.

In [aristotle's] Formal Logic, Thought Is Organized In A Manner Very Different From That Of The Platonic Dialogue. In This Formal Logic, Thought Is Indifferent Toward Its Objects. Whether They Are Mental Or Physical, Whether They Pertain To Society Or To Nature, They Become Subject To The Same General Laws Of Organization, Calculation, And Conclusion - But They Do So As Fungible Signs Or Symbols, In Abstraction From Their Particular "substance." This General Quality (quantitative Quality) Is The Precondition Of Law And Order - In Logic As Well As In Society - The Price Of Universal Control.

In Its Relation To The Reality Of Daily Life, The High Culture Of The Past Was Many Things Opposition And Adornment, Outcry And Resignation. But It Was Also The Appearance Of The Realm Of Freedom: The Refusal To Behave.

Technical Progress And More Comfortable Living Permit The Systematic Inclusion Of Libidinal Components Into The Realm Of Commodity Production And Exchange. But No Matter How Controlled The Mobilization Of Instinctual Energy May Be (it Sometimes Amounts To A Scientific Management Of Libido), No Matter How Much It May Serve As A Prop For The Status Quo - It Is Also Gratifying To The Managed Individuals, Just As Racing The Outboard Motor, Pushing The Power Lawn Mower, And Speeding The Automobile Are Fun.

Preaching Nonviolence On Principle Reproduces The Existing Institutionalized Violence.

While It [tolerance] Is More Or Less Quietly And Constitutionally Withdrawn From The Opposition, It Is Made Compulsory Behavior With Respect To Established Policies.

That Which Is Cannot Be True.

This Society Turns Everything It Touches Into A Potential Source Of Progress And Exploitation, Of Drudgery And Satisfaction, Of Freedom And Of Oppression.

A Work Of Art Can Be Called Revolutionary If, By Virtue Of The Aesthetic Transformation, It Represents, In The Exemplary Fate Of Individuals, The Prevailing Unfreedom And The Rebelling Forces, Thus Breaking Through The Mystified (and Petrified) Social Reality, And Opening The Horizon Of Change (liberation).

Nobody Really Thinks Who Does Not Abstract From That Which Is Given, Who Does Not Relate The Facts To The Factors Which Have Made Them, Who Does Not - In His Mind - Undo The Facts. Abstractness Is The Very Life Of Thought, The Token Of Its Authenticity.

Ideas, Aspirations, And Objectives That, By Their Content, Transcend The Established Universe Of Discourse And Action Are Either Repelled Or Reduced To Terms Of This Universe.

The People Recognize Themselves In Their Commodities; They Find Their Soul In Their Automobile, Hi-fi Set, Split-level Home, Kitchen Equipment.

The Range Of Choice Open To The Individual Is Not The Decisive Factor In Determining The Degree Of Human Freedom, But What Can Be Chosen And What Is Chosen By The Individual.

One Will Only Be Free When One Plays And One's Society Will Become A Piece Of Art.

Domination Has Its Own Aesthetics, And Democratic Domination Has Its Democratic Aesthetics.

The Philosopher ... Subjects Experience To His Critical Judgment, And This Contains A Value Judgment Namely, That Freedom From Toil Is Preferable To Toil, And An Intelligent Life Is Preferable To A Stupid Life. It So Happened That Philosophy Was Born With These Values. Scientific Thought Had To Break This Union Of Value Judgment And Analysis, For It Became Increasingly Clear That The Philosophic Values Did Not Guide The Organisation Of Society.

The Avant-garde And The Beatniks Share In The Function Of Entertaining Without Endangering The Good Conscience Of The Men Of Good Will.

The Organism Is Thus Being Preconditioned For The Spontaneous Acceptance Of What Is Offered. Inasmuch As The Greater Liberty Involves A Contraction Rather Than Extension And Development Of Instinctual Needs, It Works For Rather Than Against The Status Quo Of General Repression - One Might Speak Of "institutionalized Desublimation". The Latter Appears To Be A Vital Factor In The Making Of The Authoritarian Personality Of Our Time.

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