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Whenever Possible, Go Outside The Expertise Of The Enemy.

-Saul Alinsky

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Whenever Possible, Go Outside

Saul Alinsky

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Whenever Possible, Go Outside The Expertise Of The Enemy.

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Rules For Radicals

More From Saul Alinsky

The Practical Revolutionary Will Understand Goethe's 'conscience Is The Virtue Of Observers And Not Of Agents Of Action'; In Action, One Does Not Always Enjoy The Luxury Of A Decision That Is Consistent Both With One's Individual Conscience And The Good Of Mankind.

The Prince Was Written By Machiavelli For The Haves On How To Hold Power. Rules For Radicals Is Written For The Have-nots On How To Take It Away. In This Book We Are Concerned With How To Create Mass Organizations To Seize Power And Give It To The People; To Realize The Democratic Dream Of Equality, Justice, Peace, Cooperation, Equal And Full Opportunities For Education, Full And Useful Employment, Health, And The Creation Of Those Circumstances In Which Man Can Have The Chance To Live By Values That Give Meaning To Life.

Organized Religion Has Too Often Followed The Road Of Other People's Institutions. It Has Made Adjustments, Compromises, And Surrenders To A Materialistic Civilization For The Benefit Of Material Security In Spite Of Occasional Twinges Of Conscience And Moral Protests. The Result Has Been That Today Much Of Organized Religion Is Materialistically Solvent But Spiritually Bankrupt.

We Must Believe That It Is The Darkest Before The Dawn Of A Beautiful New World. We Will See It When We Believe It.

The Ninth Rule Of The Ethics Of Means And Ends Is That Any Effective Means Is Automatically Judged By The Opposition As Being Unethical.

The Organized Labor Movement As It Is Constituted Today Is As Much A Concomitant Of A Capitalist Economy As Is Capital. Organized Labor Is Predicated Upon The Basic Premise Of Collective Bargaining Between Employers And Employees. This Premise Can Obtain Only For An Employer-employee Type Of Society. If The Labor Movement Is To Maintain Its Own Identity And Security, It Must Of Necessity Protect That Kind Of Society.

Capitalist Economy

Love And Faith Are Not Common Companions. More Commonly Power And Fear Consort With Faith....power Is Not To Be Crossed; One Must Respect And Obey. Power Means Strength, Whereas Love Is A Human Frailty The People Mistrust. It Is A Sad Fact Of Life That Power And Fear Are The Fountainheads Of Faith.

It Does Not Matter What You Know About Anything If You Cannot Communicate To Your People. In That Event You Are Not Even A Failure. You're Just Not There.

It Is A Sad Fact Of Life That Power And Fear Are The Fountainheads Of Faith.

Rules For Radicals

Radicals Must Be Resilient, Adaptable To Shifting Political Circumstances, And Sensitive Enough To The Process Of Action And Reaction To Avoid Being Trapped By Their Own Tactics And Forced To Travel A Road Not Of Their Choosing.

The Cry Of The Have-nots Has Never Been "give Us Our Hearts," But Always "get Off Our Backs"; They Ask Not For Love But For Breathing Space.

The Most Effective Means Are Whatever Will Achieve The Desired Results.

The Establishment Can Accept Being Screwed, But Not Being Laughed At

Once You Accept Your Own Death, All Of A Sudden You Are Free To Live.

Do One Of Three Things. One, Go Find A Wailing Wall And Feel Sorry For Yourselves. Two, Go Psycho And Start Bombing - But This Will Only Swing People To The Right. Three, Learn A Lesson. Go Home, Organize, Build Power And At The Next Convention, You Be The Delegates.

The Greatest Enemy Of Individual Freedom Is The Individual Himself.

My Only Fixed Truth Is A Belief In People, A Conviction That If People Have The Opportunity To Act Freely And The Power To Control Their Own Destinies, They'll Generally Reach The Right Decisions.

In The Beginning The Organizer's First Job Is To Create The Issues Or Problems.

The First Step In Community Organization Is Community Disorganization. The Disruption Of The Present Organization Is The First Step Toward Community Organization. Present Arrangements Must Be Disorganized If They Are To Be Displace By New Patterns.... All Change Means Disorganization Of The Old And Organization Of The New.

Whenever Possible, Go Outside The Expertise Of The Enemy.

Rules For Radicals

The Classic Statement On Polarization Comes From Christ: 'he That Is Not With Me Is Against Me.' (luke 11:23) He Allowed No Middle Ground To The Moneychangers In The Temple. One Acts Decisively Only In The Conviction That All The Angels Are On One Side And All The Devils On The Other.

One Acts Decisively Only In The Conviction That All The Angels Are On One Side And All The Devils On The Other.

A Good Tactic Is One That Your People Enjoy.

The Preferred World Can Be Seen Any Evening On Television In The Succession Of Programs Where The Good Always Wins

Ridicule Is Man's Most Potent Weapon. It Is Almost Impossible To Counterattack Ridicule. Also It Infuriates The Opposition, Who Then React To Your Advantage.

As An Organizer I Start From Where The World Is, As It Is, Not As I Would Like It To Be.

Rules For Radicals

It Should Be Borne In Mind That The Target Is Always Trying To Shift Responsibility To Get Out Of Being The Target. There Is A Constant Squirming And Moving And Strategy . . . On The Part Of The Designated Target. The Forces For Change Must Keep This In Mind And Pin That Target Down Securely. If An Organization Permits Responsibility To Be Diffused And Distributed In A Number Of Areas, Attack Becomes Impossible.

Human Beings Do Not Like To Look Squarely Into The Face Of Tragedy. Gloom Is Unpopular.

Power Just Goes To Two Poles — To Those Who've Got Money, And Those Who've Got People.

Last Guys Don't Finish Nice.

The Prince Was Written By Machiavelli For The Haves On How To Hold Power. Rules For Radicals Is Written For The Have-nots On How To Take It Away.

Rules For Radicals

Lest We Forget At Least An Over The Shoulder Acknowledgment To The Very First Radical: From All Our Legends, Mythology And History (and Who Is To Know Where Mythology Leaves Off And History Begins - Or Which Is Which), The Very First Radical Known To Man Who Rebelled Against The Establishment And Did It So Effectively That He At Least Won His Own Kingdom - Lucifer.

The Despair Is There; Now It's Up To Us To Go In And Rub Raw The Sores Of Discontent, Galvanize Them For Radical Social Change.

Do You Like People? Most People Claim That They Like People With, Of Course, A "few Exceptions." When The Exceptions Are Added Together It Becomes Clear That They Include A Vast Majority Of The People. It Becomes Equally Clear That Most People Like Just A Few People, Their Kind Of People, And Either Do Not Actively Care For Or Actively Dislike Most Of The "other" People.

In This World Laws Are Written For The Lofty Aim Of "the Common Good" And Then Acted Out In Life On The Basis Of The Common Greed.

Tactics Mean Doing What You Can With What You Have.

True Revolutionaries Do Not Flaunt Their Radicalism. They Cut Their Hair, Put On Suits And Infiltrate The System From Within.

The Most Unethical Of All Means Is The Non-use Of Any Means.

Rules For Radicals

Democracy Is Alive, And Like Any Other Living Thing It Either Flourishes And Grows Or Withers And Dies. There Is No In-between. It Is Freedom And Life Or Dictatorship And Death.

The Thirteenth Rule Of Radical Tactics: Pick The Target, Freeze It, Personalize It, And Polarize It.

To Say That Corrupt Means Corrupt The Ends Is To Believe In The Immaculate Conception Of Ends And Principles.

No Issue Can Be Negotiated Unless You First Have The Clout To Compel Negotiation.

The Price Of A Successful Attack Is A Constructive Alternative.

Rules For Radicals

It Is A World Not Of Angels But Of Angles, Where Men Speak Of Moral Principles But Act On Power Principles; A World Where We Are Always Moral And Our Enemies Always Immoral.

If People Don't Think They Have The Power To Solve Their Problems, They Won't Even Think About How To Solve Them.

The American People Were, In The Beginning, Revolutionaries And Tories. The American People Ever Since Have Been Revolutionaries And Tories. They Have Been Revolutionaries And Tories Regardless Of The Labels Of The Past And Present. Regardless Of Whether They Were Federalists, Democrat-republicans, Whigs, Know-nothings, Free Soilers, Unionists Or Confederates, Populists, Republicans, Democrats, Socialists, Communists, Or Progressives. They Have Been And Are Profiteers And Patriots. They Have Been And Are Conservatives, Liberals, And Radicals.

History Is A Relay Of Revolutions.

Keep The Pressure On, With Different Tactics And Actions, And Utilize All Events Of The Period For Your Purpose.

From The Moment An Organizer Enters A Community, He Lives, Dreams, Eats, Breathes, Sleeps Only One Thing, And That Is To Build The Mass Power Base Of What He Calls The Army.

Always Remember The First Rule Of Power Tactics; Power Is Not Only What You Have But What The Enemy Thinks You Have.

Dogma, Whatever Form It Takes, Is The Ultimate Enemy Of Human Freedom.

Organization For Action Will Now And In The Decade Ahead Center Upon America's White Middle Class. That Is Where The Power Is. ... Our Rebels Have Contemptuously Rejected The Values And The Way Of Life Of The Middle Class. They Have Stigmatized It As Materialistic, Decadent, Bourgeois, Degenerate, Imperialistic, War-mongering, Brutalized And Corrupt. They Are Right; But We Must Begin From Where We Are If We Are To Build Power For Change, And The Power And The People Are In The Middle Class Majority.

America's Corporations Are A Spiritual Slum, And Their Arrogance Is The Major Threat To Our Future As A Free Society.

Our World Has Always Had Two Kinds Of Changers, The Social Changers And The Money Changers.

The Very First Radical Known To Man Who Rebelled Against The Establishment And Did It So Effectively That He At Least Won His Own Kingdom -- Lucifer.

We Must Face The Bitter Fact That We Have Forsaken Our Great Dream Of A Life Of, For, And By The People; That The Burning Passions And Ideals Of The American Dream Lie Congealed By Cold Cynicism. Great Parts Of The Masses Of Our People No Longer Believe That They Have A Voice Or A Hand In Shaping The Destiny Of This Nation. They Have Not Forsaken Democracy Because Of Any Desire Or Positive Action Of Their Own; They Have Been Driven Down Into The Depths Of A Great Despair Born Of Frustration, Hopelessness, And Apathy. A Democracy Lacking In Popular Participation Dies Of Paralysis.

Those Who Are Most Moral Are Farthest From The Problem.

The Only People Who Become Disillusioned Are People Who Have Illusions.

The Standards Of Judgment Must Be Rooted In The Whys And Wherefores Of Life As It Is Lived, The World As It Is, Not Our Wished-for Fantasy Of The World As It Should Be.

The End Is What You Want, The Means Is How You Get It. Whenever We Think About Social Change, The Question Of Means And Ends Arises. The Man Of Action Views The Issue Of Means And Ends In Pragmatic And Strategic Terms. He Has No Other Problem; He Thinks Only Of His Actual Resources And The Possibilities Of Various Choices Of Action. He Asks Of Ends Only Whether They Are Achievable And Worth The Cost; Of Means, Only Whether They Will Work. ... The Real Arena Is Corrupt And Bloody.

Curiosity And Irreverence Go Together. Curiosity Cannot Exist Without The Other. Curiosity Asks, "is This True?" "just Because This Has Always Been The Way, Is The Best Or Right Way Of Life, The Best Or Right Religion, Political Or Economic Value, Morality?" To The Questioner, Nothing Is Sacred. He Detests Dogma, Defies Any Finite Definition Of Morality, Rebels Against Any Repression Of A Free, Open Search Of Ideas No Matter Where They May Lead. He Is Challenging, Insulting, Agitating, Discrediting. He Stirs Unrest.

The People Of America Are Red, White, Black, Yellow, And All The Shades In Between. Their Eyes Are Blue, Black, And Brown, And All The Shades In Between. Their Hair Is Straight, Curly, Kinky, And Most Of It In Between. They Are Tall And Short, Slim And Fat, Athletic And Anaemic, And Most Of Them In Between. They Are The Different Peoples Of The World Becoming More And More The "in Between." They Are A People Creating A New Bridge Of Mankind In Between The Past Of Narrow Nationalistic Chauvinism And The Horizon Of A New Mankind--a People Of The World. Their Face Is The Face Of The Future.

Men Don't Like To Step Abruptly Out Of The Security Of Familiar Experience; They Need A Bridge To Cross From Their Own Experience To A New Way. A Revolutionary Organizer Must Shake Up The Prevailing Patterns Of Their Lives - Agitate, Create Disenchantment And Discontent With The Current Values, To Produce, If Not A Passion For Change, At Least A Passive, Affirmative, Non-challenging Climate.

Change Means Movement. Movement Means Friction.

Once You Accept Your Own Death, All Of A Sudden You're Free To Live. You No Longer Care About Your Reputation. You No Longer Care Except So Far As Your Life Can Be Used Tactically To Promote A Cause You Believe In.

The Seventh Rule Of The Ethics Of Means And Ends Is That Generally Success Or Failure Is A Mighty Determinant Of Ethics. The Judgment Of History Leans Heavily On The Outcome Of Success Or Failure; It Spells The Difference Between The Traitor And The Patriotic Hero. There Can Be No Such Thing As A Successful Traitor, For If One Succeeds He Becomes A Founding Father.

The Fourth Rule Is: "make The Enemy Live Up To Their Own Book Of Rules." You Can Kill Them With This, For They Can No More Obey Their Own Rules Than The Christian Church Can Live Up To Christianity.

Liberals Like People With Their Heads, Radicals Like People With Both Their Heads And Their Hearts.

Change Means Movement. Movement Means Friction. Only In The Frictionless Vacuum Of A Nonexistent Abstract World Can Movement Or Change Occur Without That Abrasive Friction Of Conflict.

Humor Is Essential To A Successful Tactician, For The Most Potent Weapons Known To Mankind Are Satire And Ridicule.

They Have The Guns And Therefore We Are For Peace And For Reformation Through The Ballot. When We Have The Guns Then It Will Be Through The Bullet.

In A Fight Almost Anything Goes. It Almost Reaches The Point Where You Stop To Apologize If A Chance Blow Lands Above The Belt.

Make The Enemy Live Up To Its Own Book Of Rules.

Rules For Radicals

In This World Laws Are Written For The Lofty Aim Of "the Common Good" And Then Acted Out In Life On The Basis Of The Common Greed. In This World Irrationality Clings To Man Like His Shadow So That The Right Things Get Done For The Wrong Reasons - Afterwards, We Dredge Up The Right Reasons For Justification. It Is A World Not Of Angels But Of Angles, Where Men Speak Of Moral Principles But Act On Power Principles; A World Where We Are Always Moral And Our Enemies Always Immoral; A World Where "reconciliation" Means That When One Side Gets The Power And The Other Side Gets Reconciled To It.

A Tactic That Drags On Too Long Becomes A Drag.

Change Comes From Power, And Power Comes From Organization. In Order To Act, People Must Get Together.

Rules For Radicals

Life Is A Corrupting Process From The Time A Child Learns To Play His Mother Off Against His Father In The Politics Of When To Go To Bed; He Who Fears Corruption Fears Life.

If You Push A Negative Hard Enough, It Will Push Through And Become A Positive.

Rules For Radicals

The Fact That People Are Poor Or Discriminated Against Doesn't Necessarily Endow Them With Any Special Qualities Of Justice, Nobility, Charity Or Compassion.

Theres Another Reason For Working Inside The System. Dostoevsky Said That Taking A New Step Is What People Fear Most. Any Revolutionary Change Must Be Preceded By A Passive, Affirmative, Non-challenging Attitude Toward Change Among The Mass Of Our People. They Must Feel So Frustrated, So Defeated, So Lost, So Futureless In The Prevailing System That They Are Willing To Let Go Of The Past And Change The Future. This Acceptance Is The Reformation Essential To Any Revolution.

Control Healthcare And You Control The People

Rules For Radicals

Never Do For Someone What They Can Do For Themselves.

The Organizer Must Become Schizoid, Politically, In Order To Slip Into Becoming A True Believer. Before Men Can Act An Issue Must Be Polarized. Men Will Act When They Are Convinced Their Cause Is 100 Percent On The Side Of The Angels And That The Opposition Are 100 Percent On The Side Of The Devil. He Knows There Can Be No Action Until Issues Are Polarized To This Degree.

The Enemy Properly Goaded And Guided In His Reaction Will Be Your Major Strength.

Rules For Radicals

From The Moment The Organizer Enters A Community He Lives, Dreams... Only One Thing And That Is To Build The Mass Power Base Of What He Calls The Army. Until He Has Developed That Mass Power Base, He Confronts No Major Issues.... Until He Has Those Means And Power Instruments, His Tactics Are Very Different From Power Tactics. Therefore, Every Move Revolves Around One Central Point: How Many Recruits Will This Bring Into The Organization, Whether By Means Of Local Organizations, Churches, Service Groups, Labor Unions, Corner Gangs, Or As Individuals.

As An Organizer I Start From Where The World Is, As It Is, Not As I Would Like It To Be. That We Accept The World As It Is Does Not In Any Sense Weaken Our Desire To Change It Into What We Believe It Should Be - It Is Necessary To Begin Where The World Is If We Are Going To Change It To What We Think It Should Be.

Never Let A Crisis Go To Waste

The End Is What You Want And The Means Is How You Get It.

The Only Nonpartisan People Are Those Who Are Dead.

A Racially Integrated Community Is A Chronological Term Timed From The Entrance Of The First Black Family To The Exit Of The Last White Family.

Black And White

You Cannot Meet Today's Crisis Tomorrow.

The Organizers First Job Is To Create The Issues Or Problems, And Organizations Must Be Based On Many Issues. The Organizer Must First Rub Raw The Resentments Of The People Of The Community; Fan The Latent Hostilities Of Many Of The People To The Point Of Overt Expression. He Must Search Out Controversy And Issues, Rather Than Avoid Them, For Unless There Is Controversy People Are Not Concerned Enough To Act. . . . An Organizer Must Stir Up Dissatisfaction And Discontent.

A Revolution Without A Prior Reformation Would Collapse Or Become A Totalitarian Tyranny. A Reformation Means That Masses Of Our People Have Reached The Point Of Disillusionment With Past Ways And Values. They Don't Know What Will Work But They Do Know That The Prevailing System Is Self-defeating, Frustrating, And Hopeless. They Won't Act For Change But Won't Strongly Oppose Those Who Do. The Time Is Then Ripe For Revolution

The Democratic Ideal Springs From The Ideas Of Liberty, Equality, Majority Rule Through Free Elections, Protection Of The Rights Of Minorities, And Freedom To Subscribe To Multiple Loyalties In Matters Of Religion, Economics, And Politics Rather Than To A Total Loyalty To The State. The Spirit Of Democracy Is The Idea Of Importance And Worth In The Individual, And Faith In The Kind Of World Where The Individual Can Achieve As Much Of His Potential As Possible.

Asking A Sociologist To Solve A Problem Is Like Prescribing An Enema For Diarrhea.

Pick The Target, Freeze It, Personalize It, And Polarize It. Cut Off The Support Network And Isolate The Target From Sympathy. Go After People And Not Institutions; People Hurt Faster Than Institutions. (this Is Cruel, But Very Effective. Direct, Personalized Criticism And Ridicule Works.)

Let The Liberal Turn To The Course Of Action, The Course Of All Radicals, And The Amused Look Vanishes From The Face Of Society As It Snarls, “that’s Radical!” Society Has Good Reason To Fear The Radical. Every Shaking Advance Of Mankind Toward Equality And Justice Has Come From The Radical. He Hits, He Hurts, He Is Dangerous. Conservative Interests Know That While Liberals Are Most Adept At Breaking Their Own Necks With Their Tongues, Radicals Are Most Adept At Breaking The Necks Of Conservatives.

The Second Rule Is: Never Go Outside The Experience Of Your People. When An Action Is Outside The Experience Of The People, The Result Is Confusion, Fear, And Retreat.

One’s Concern With The Ethics Of Means And Ends Varies Inversely With One’s Personal Interest In The Issue.

A Marxist Begins With His Prime Truth That All Evils Are Caused By The Exploitation Of The Proletariat By The Capitalists. From This He Logically Proceeds To The Revolution To End Capitalism, Then Into The Third Stage Of Reorganization Into A New Social Order Of The Dictatorship Of The Proletariat, And Finally The Last Stage -- The Political Paradise Of Communism.

Life Is An Adventure Of Passion, Risk, Danger, Laughter, Beauty, Love; A Burning Curiosity To Go With The Action To See What It Is All About, To Go Search For A Pattern Of Meaning, To Burn One's Bridges Because You're Never Going To Go Back Anyway, And To Live To The End.

Life Is There Ahead Of You And Either One Tests Oneself In Its Challenges Or Huddles In The Valleys Of A Dreamless Day-to-day Existence Whose Only Purpose Is The Preservation Of A Illusory Security And Safety. The Latter Is What The Vast Majority Of People Choose To Do, Fearing The Adventure Into The Known.

I Prize My Own Independence Too Much. And Philosophically, I Could Never Accept Any Rigid Dogma Or Ideology, Whether It's Christianity Or Marxism…the Greatest Crimes In History Have Been Perpetrated By Such Religious And Political And Racial Fanatics, From The Persecutions Of The Inquisition On Down To Communist Purges And Nazi Genocide.

An Organizer Working In And For An Open Society Is In An Ideological Dilemma To Begin With, He Does Not Have A Fixed Truth - Truth To Him Is Relative And Changing; Everything To Him Is Relative And Changing.... To The Extent That He Is Free From The Shackles Of Dogma, He Can Respond To The Realities Of The Widely Different Situations.

A Free And Open Society Is An Ongoing Conflict, Interrupted Periodically By Compromises.

The Prerequisite For An Ideology Is Possession Of A Basic Truth.

The Threat Is Generally More Terrifying Than The Thing Itself.

The Human Spirit Glows From That Small Inner Light Of Doubt Whether We Are Right, While Those Who Believe With Certainty That They Possess The Right Are Dark Inside And Darken The World Outside With Cruelty, Pain, And Injustice.

Action Comes From Keeping The Heat On. No Politician Can Sit On A Hot Issue If You Make It Hot Enough.

Organized Business Has Assumed That Greater Profits Would Be Pretty Much Of A Cure-all, And It Has To A Major Extent Ignored The Fact That The Welfare Of Business Rests Upon The Welfare Of The Consumers Of A Nation; That Business Or Free Enterprise Will Function In A Democracy Only So Long As The Democracy Functions.

Spouting Quotes From Mao, Castro, And Che Guevara, Which Are As Germane To Our Highly Technological, Computerized, Cybernetic, Nuclearpowered, Mass Media Society As A Stagecoach On A Jet Runway At Kennedy Airport.

The Third Rule Of Ethics Of Means And Ends Is That In War The End Justifies Almost Any Means.

Many Of The Lower Middle Class Are Members Of Labor Unions, Churches, Bowling Clubs, Fraternal, Service, And Nationality Organizations. They Are Organizations And People That Must Be Worked With As One Would Work With Any Other Part Of Our Populations - With Respect, Understanding, And Sympathy.

Radicals, On The Other Hand, Want To Advance From The Jungle Of Laissez-faire Capitalism To A World Worthy Of The Name Of Human Civilization. They Hope For A Future Where The Means Of Economic Production Will Be Owned By All Of The People Instead Of Just A Comparative Handful. They Feel That This Minority Control Of Production Facilities Is Injurious To The Large Masses Of People Not Only Because Of Economic Monopolies But Because The Political Power Inherent In This Form Of Centralized Economy Does Not Augur For An Ever Expanding Democratic Way Of Life.

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