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When Air Conditioning, Escalators, And Advertising Appeared, Shopping Expanded Its Scale, But Also Limited Its Spontaneity. And It Became Much More Predictable, Almost Scientific. What Had Once Been The Most Surprising Became The Most Manipulated.

-Rem Koolhaas

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When Air Conditioning, Escalators,

Rem Koolhaas

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When Air Conditioning, Escalators, And Advertising Appeared, Shopping Expanded Its Scale, But Also Limited Its Spontaneity. And It Became Much More Predictable, Almost Scientific. What Had Once Been The Most Surprising Became The Most Manipulated.

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In This Branch Of Utopian Real Estate, Architecture Is No Longer The Art Of Designing Buildings So Much As The Brutal Skyward Extrusion Of Whatever Site The Developer Has Managed To Assemble.

Asia Is Still Dominated By Skyscrapers. I Hope That, In European Cities, It Will Become A Declining Trend. They Were Almost Never Necessary.

I Like Fashion, Whether Or Not It's Overpriced, Because It Creates A Sense Of The Sublime With Relatively Few Means.

Lagos Was A City That Had Been Turned Against Itself. There Was A Bridge That Became The Perfect Trap For Crimes, Which Began With Nails Being Scattered To Cause Flat Tyres. If The Driver Stopped, The Car Would Be Dismantled In 20 Minutes And The Parts Thrown Overboard [to People Waiting Below]. The System Had Turned Into A Kind Of Destructive Device That Could Be Used Against People. That Was The Narrative.

Find Optimism In The Inevitable.

In A Script, You Have To Link Various Episodes Together, You Have To Generate Suspense And You Have To Assemble Things - Through Editing, For Example. It's Exactly The Same In Architecture. Architects Also Put Together Spatial Episodes To Make Sequences.

There Is No Plateau Of Resting Or Stabilising. Once You Are Interested In How Things Evolve, You Have A Kind Of Never-ending Perspective, Because It Means You Are Interested In Articulating The Evolution, And Therefore The Potential Change, The Potential Redefinition.

One Cannot Completely Avoid This Landmark Character With Large Buildings Such As These. But The City Itself Is Also Gigantic.

The Institutions Are Working Better Now, The Banks Are Much More Functional. At This Time, 1997, There Were No Mobile Phones! It's A Whole Different Thing Now With Mobile Phones: Technology Has Created A Form Of Regulation, Because People Can Actually Talk To Each Other A Lot More.

Nobody Should Be Anything, But Because I Once Had A Different Profession And I'm Interested In Writing, I Took It Upon Me.

Lagos Was Not Very Inviting Even To Lagosians. It Was Considered A No-go Zone, Almost In Its Entirety.

Evil Can Also Be Beautiful. The Coliseum In Rome, For Example, A Wonderful Structure With An Awful Past. Just Think About The Bloody Gladiator Fights There.

I Think One Of The Important Evolutions Is That We No Longer Feel Compulsively The Need To Argue, Or To Justify Things On A Kind Of Rational Level. We Are Much More Willing To Admit That Certain Things Are Completely Instinctive And Others Are Really Intellectual.

The Thing Is That I Have A Really Intense, Almost Compulsive Need To Record. But It Doesn't End There, Because What I Record Is Somehow Transformed Into A Creative Thing. There Is A Continuity. Recording Is The Beginning Of A Conceptual Production. I Am Somehow Collapsing The Two - Recording And Producing - Into A Single Event.

Manhattanism Is The One Urbanistic Ideology That Has Fed, From Its Conception, On The Splendors And Miseries Of The Metropolitan Condition—hyper-density—without Once Losing Faith In It As The Basis For A Desirable Modern Culture. Manhattan's Architecture Is A Paradigm For The Exploitation Of Congestion.

The Grid Makes The History Of Architecture And All Previous Lessons Of Urbanism Irrelevant. It Forces Manhattan's Builders To Develop A New System Of Formal Values, To Invent Strategies For The Distinction Of One Block From Another. The Grid's Two-dimensional Discipline Also Creates Undreamt-of Freedom For Three-dimensional Anarchy. The Grid Defines A New Balance Between Control And De-control In Which The City Can Be At The Same Time Ordered And Fluid, A Metropolis Of Rigid Chaos.

Manhattan Has No Choice But The Skyward Extrusion Of The Grid Itself; Only The Skyscraper Offers Business The Wide-open Spaces Of A Man-made Wild West, A Frontier In The Sky.

The City Is An Addictive Machine From Which There Is No Escape

Each Building Has To Be Beautiful, But Cheap And Fast, But It Lasts Forever. That Is Already An Incredible Battery Of Seemingly Contradictory Demands. So Yes, I'm Definitely Perhaps Contradictory Person, But I Operate In Very Contradictory Times.

Nigeria [in 1990] Was All Rumour, An Unbelievable Amount Of Rumour - Largely About Crime And Almost Mythical Manifestations Of Evil.

A Building Has At Least Two Lives - The One Imagined By Its Maker And The Life It Lives Afterward - And They Are Never The Same.

It Is Not Possible To Live In This Age If You Don't Have A Sense Of Many Contradictory Forces.

I'd Say That My Profession Ends Where Architectural Thinking Ends - Architectural Thinking In Terms Of Thinking About Programs And Organizational Structure. These Abstractions Play A Role In Many Other Disciplines, And Those Disciplines Are Now Defining Their 'architectures' As Well.

There's Something Really Interesting About Current Urbanism: The Only Model Is The Universal Model, And There Is Increasingly Incapacity To Consider The Virtues And The Qualities That Are There, And Then To Build On Them. The Only Thing Is Complete Transformation.

Manhattan Has Generated A Shameless Architecture That Has Been Loved In Direct Proportion To Its Defiant Lack Of Self-hatred, Has Been Respected Exactly To The Degree That It Went Too Far.

The Real Thing We Tried To Look At Is What Happens To A Society When The State Is Absent. At That Point, The State Had Really Withdrawn From Lagos; The City Was Left To Its Own Devices, Both In Terms Of Money And Services. That, By Definition, Created An Unbelievable Proliferation Of Independent Agency: Each Citizen Needed To Take, In Any Day, Maybe 400 Or 500 Independent Decisions On How To Survive That Extremely Complex System.

Architecture Is A Hazardous Mixture Of Omnipotence And Impotence. It Is By Definition A C H A O T I C A D V E N T U R E... In Other Words, The Utopian Enterprise.

Everyone Is Talking About Sustainability And Resilience, Yet All That Knowledge Is Thrown In The Bin. [lagos Is] A Unique Case, But Also A Test Case. It's Unbelievably Unique, But Also It's Now Considered With A Number Of Really Generic Opinions, Generic Solution, Generic Expectations.

Influence Is A Very Unpleasant Subject And I Deal With It In A Maybe Irresponsible Way, Which Is To Really Ignore It. It Would Be A Nightmare If We Started To Really Think About It; It Would Tie Our Hands, It Would Tie Everyone Elses Hands.

The Acceptance Of Certain Realities Doesn't Preclude Idealism. It Can Lead To Certain Breakthroughs.

The Beauty Of My Profession [architecture] Lies In Its Randomness And Surprise. And Don't Think I Can Choose My Projects. I Have To Build What's Offered To Me.

Architecture Is A Rare Collective Profession: It's Always Exercised By Groups. There Is An Essential Modesty, Which Is A Complete Contradiction To The Notion Of A Star.

When We Went In The Late 1990s, Nigeria Was Still In A Dictatorship. So We Didn't Go With A Mission. It Started Really With A Sort Of Blankness And Open-endedness.

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The Metropolis Strives To Reach A Mythical Point Where The World Is Completely Fabricated By Man, So That It Absolutely Coincides With His Desires.

We Say We Want To Create Beauty, Identity, Quality, Singularity. And Yet, Maybe In Truth These Cities That We Have Are Desired. Maybe Their Very Characterlessness Provides The Best Context For Living.

All Important Architecture Of The Last Century Was Strongly Influenced By Political Systems. Look At The Soviet System, With Its Constructivism And Stalinism, Weimer With Its Modern Style, Mussolini And, Of Course, The Nazis And Albert Speer's Colossal Structures. Today's Architecture Is Subservient To The Market And Its Terms. The Market Has Supplanted Ideology. Architecture Has Turned Into A Spectacle. It Has To Package Itself And No Longer Has Significance As Anything But A Landmark.

The Good Is Not A Category That Interests Me.

Architecture Is A Dangerous Mix Of Power And Importance.

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When Air Conditioning, Escalators, And Advertising Appeared, Shopping Expanded Its Scale, But Also Limited Its Spontaneity. And It Became Much More Predictable, Almost Scientific. What Had Once Been The Most Surprising Became The Most Manipulated.

But Now Sustainability Is Such A Political Category That It's Getting More And More Difficult To Think About It In A Serious Way. Sustainability Has Become An Ornament.

We Live In An Almost Perfect Stillness And Work With Incredible Urgency.

Beauty Isn't What I'm Primarily Interested In [in Architecture]. I Think Appropriateness Is More Important.

The Work In S, M, L, Xl Was Almost Suicidal. It Required So Much Effort That Our Office Almost Went Bankrupt.

Infrastructure Is Much More Important Than Architecture.

People Can Inhabit Anything. And They Can Be Miserable In Anything And Ecstatic In Anything. More And More I Think That Architecture Has Nothing To Do With It. Of Course, That's Both Liberating And Alarming.

The Areas Of Consensus Shift Unbelievably Fast; The Bubbles Of Certainty Are Constantly Exploding.

The Word 'celebrity' And The Word 'architect' Are Basically Incompatible.

The Luxury Of Our Position Now Is That We Can Almost Assemble Any Team To Address Any Issue.

As An Architect, I Always Have Mixed Feelings. On The One Hand, Your Fingers Are Itching. As A Human Being, You Are Happy To Participate In The Indolence.

The People From The Suburbs Are Bringing Along Their Suburban Values: Cleanliness, Orderliness, Safety - Dullness, In Other Words. As A Result, Urban Areas Are Being Hollowed Out. Just Look At Times Square In New York. No More Sex Shops, No Drugs, No Homeless People. The Area Is Clinically Clean And Incredibly Dull.

Designs Are Increasingly Winning Competitions Because They Are Literally Green, And Because Somewhere They Feature A Small Windmill.

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Not Many Architects Have The Luxury To Reject Significant Things.

Significant Things

I Wanted To Disconnect From Contemporary Architecture

Lagos Has Also Had A Particular Effect On My Career. I Was There Early, And Although It Was A Courageous Step To Go There And Invest On This Scale - I Went There Maybe 20 Times - It's Also Been Also Super-controversial. There's An Old School Of Thought That Somebody Like Me Has No Place To Go There.because Of Colonialism And So On.

In The End, There Will Be Little Else For Us To Do But Shop.

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Manhattan Is An Accumulation Of Possible Disasters That Never Happen.

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Without A Tighter Union, Europe Will Disintegrate

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There's Nothing Dutch About My Architecture.

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Why I Talked About Political Correctness: The Colonial Is Now Such A Major Taboo That Any Achievement Of The Colonial Period, Or Any Generosity Implied In Colonialism, Is Again Fundamentally Neglected Or Fundamentally Not Recognised. That's Crazy, Because History Is A Series Of Layers, And You Cannot Say, "this Layer I Support And This Layer I Cancel." History Is History And You Cannot Retrospectively Manipulate It.

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Discrepancies Between

I Am Incredibly Bad At Predicting The Future; I Am Only Smart Enough To Observe The Present And Listen To My Intuition About Tendencies.

Nigeria Was A Blank On The Map - There Weren't Even Any Maps. The Us State Department, Everyone Said Don't Go There. It Was Courageous Of Harvard University: The Notion Was That We Would Match Harvard Students With Nigerian Students, So That Every Student Would Have A Guide, Creating A Guarantee Of Intimacy With The City.

We Discovered A Person In Lagos Who Had A Fish Stall, And Within A Single Square Metre She Carried Two Children All The Way To Harvard. She Supported An Unbelievable Escape Of Her Children Into Education. In That Sense It Was A City Completed Pixillated, And Every Pixel Contained Amazing Stories.

It Was A Book [george Packer Written On Our Presence In Nigeria] That Was Killed By The Response Of Other People. Which Sounds Quite Cowardly, Perhaps, But It Was The First Manifestation Of What Is Currently A Really Big Issue: How Political Correctness Defines The Limits Of What You Can Do. In That Sense, It Was Super-exciting And Maybe The Most Magical Project We Did, But At The Same Time Fraught With Mixed Feelings.

Sustainability Has Become An Ornament.

You Need To Look At Inequality As A Typical Condition Of Modern Society.

Lagos Was The Ultimate Dysfunctional City - But Actually, In Terms Of All The Initiatives And Ingenuity, It Mobilised An Incredibly Beautiful, Almost Utopian Landscape Of Independence And Agency.

Talk About Beauty And You Get Boring Answers, But Talk About Ugliness And Things Get Interesting.

At That Time [90th In Lagos], If You Drove Through The City, You Drove Through A Foreground That Always Seemed To Be Incredibly Dramatic And Incredibly Agonised - Smoking, Burning, Incredible Compression. In The First Year We Stayed On The Ground And Went Everywhere. But Then In Order To Discover Whether This Was The Whole Story, We Rented A Helicopter. And We Began To Understand That This Is Not Chaos But A Highly Modern System That Had Been Abandoned, Then At Some Point Went Into Reversal, Then Slowly Came Out Of It.

Japan Lives With Drastic Segregation Between The Sublime, The Ugly, And The Utterly Without Qualities. Dominance Of The Last 2 Categories Makes Mere Presence Of The First Stunning: When Beauty 'happens', It Is Absolutely Surprising.

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When Shopping Was Still Connected To The Street It Was Also An Intensification And Articulation Of The Street. Now It Has Become Utterly Independent - Contained, Controlled, Surveyed.

Journalists Seem Mostly Interested In What Brand Of Shoes I Wear.

Our Society Can No Longer Tolerate Ugliness. You See That In Cars, Sofas And Women. [but] Ugliness Also Has A Right To Exist.

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We Know That Las Vegas Is Junk, But At The Same Time I Think That Exactly The Same Process And Ultimately Also, Perhaps The Same Logic, Attaches Itself To Or Underlies Our Masterpieces. We Live In An Amazing Era When In Spite Of An Absence Of Masters There Is An Explosion Of Masterpieces.

Most Old Cities Are Now Sclerotic Machines That Dispense Known Qualities In Ever-greater Quantities, Instead Of Laboratories Of The Uncertain. Only The Skyscraper Offers Business The Wide-open Spaces Of A Man-made Wild West, A Frontier In The Sky.

In Lagos There's A Really Strong Case To Resurrect Strong Parts. Embedded In All Of It Are Some Amazing Pieces Of Planning, Amazing Pieces Of Engineering And Interaction. For Instance, The Campus Of Lagos University Is Stunningly Beautiful, Efficient And Generous, And That Needs To Be Recognised And Preserved.

If You Have This Reputation You Can Sit Back And Endure It, Or You Can Try To Do Things With It.

Let's Put It This Way: One Can Be Happy Or Unhappy In A Building. But Some Buildings Make Us More Depressed Than Others.

Our Office Acts Like A Kind Of Educational Establishment And We Are Very Careful Who We Educate.

That Has Been My Entire Life Story. Running Against The Current And Running With The Current. Sometimes Running With The Current Is Underestimated. The Acceptance Of Certain Realities Doesn’t Preclude Idealism. It Can Lead To Certain Breakthroughs.

Architects Work In Two Ways. One Is To Respond Precisely To A Client's Needs Or Demands. Another Is To Look At What The Client Asks And Reinterpret It.

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