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We Often Attribute 'understanding' And Other Cognitive Predicates By Metaphor And Analogy To Cars, Adding Machines, And Other Artifacts, But Nothing Is Proved By Such Attributions.

-John Searle

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We Often Attribute 'understanding'

John Searle

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We Often Attribute 'understanding' And Other Cognitive Predicates By Metaphor And Analogy To Cars, Adding Machines, And Other Artifacts, But Nothing Is Proved By Such Attributions.

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I Want To Block Some Common Misunderstandings About "understanding": In Many Of These Discussions One Finds A Lot Of Fancy Footwork About The Word "understanding."

It Seems To Me Obvious That Infants And Many Animals That Do Not In Any Ordinary Sense Have A Language Or Perform Speech Acts Nonetheless Have Intentional States. Only Someone In The Grip Of A Philosophical Theory Would Deny That Small Babies Can Literally Be Said To Want Milk And That Dogs Want To Be Let Out Or Believe That Their Master Is At The Door.

Berkeley Had A Liberal Element In The Student Body Who Tended To Be Quite Active. I Think That's In General A Feature Of Intellectually Active Places.

"akrasia" [weakness Of Will] In Rational Beings Is As Common As Wine In France.

I Will Argue That In The Literal Sense The Programmed Computer Understands What The Car And The Adding Machine Understand, Namely, Exactly Nothing.

Our Tools Are Extensions Of Our Purposes, And So We Find It Natural To Make Metaphorical Attributions Of Intentionality To Them; But I Take It No Philosophical Ice Is Cut By Such Examples.

Where Conscious Subjectivity Is Concerned, There Is No Distinction Between The Observation And The Thing Observed.

Nowadays Nobody Bothers, And It Is Considered In Slightly Bad Taste To Even Raise The Question Of God's Existence. Matters Of Religion Are Like Matters Of Sexual Preference: They Are Not Discussed In Public, And Even The Abstract Questions Are Discussed Only By Bores.

Materialism Ends Up Denying The Existence Of Any Irreducible Subjective Qualitative States Of Sentience Or Awareness.

An Utterance Can Have Intentionality, Just As A Belief Has Intentionality, But Whereas The Intentionality Of The Belief Is Intrinsic The Intentionality Of The Utterance Is Derived.

The Intentionality Of The Mind Not Only Creates The Possibility Of Meaning, But Limits Its Forms.

In The Performance Of An Illocutionary Act In The Literal Utterance Of A Sentence, The Speaker Intends To Produce A Certain Effect By Means Of Getting The Hearer To Recognize His Intention To Produce That Effect; And Furthermore, If He Is Using The Words Literally, He Intends This Recognition To Be Achieved In Virtue Of The Fact That The Rules For Using The Expressions He Utters Associate The Expression With The Production Of That Effect.

Darwin's Greatest Achievement Was To Show That The Appearance Of Purpose, Planning, Teleology (design), And Intentionality In The Origin And Development Of Human And Animal Species Was Entirely An Illusion. The Illusion Could Be Explained By Evolutionary Processes That Contained No Such Purpose At All. But The Spread Of Ideas Through Imitation Required The Whole Apparatus Of Human Consciousness And Intentionality

Many People Mistakenly Suppose That The Essence Of Consciousness Is That Of A Control Mechanism

We Do Not Live In Several Different, Or Even Two Different, Worlds, A Mental World And A Physical World, A Scientific World And A World Of Common Sense. Rather, There Is Just One World; It Is The World We All Live In, And We Need To Account For How We Exist As Part Of It.

Well, What Does "good" Mean Anyway? As Wittgenstein Suggested, "good," Like "game," Has A Family Of Meanings. Prominent Among Them Is This One: "meets The Criteria Or Standards Of Assessment Or Evaluation."

There Are Clear Cases In Which "understanding" Literally Applies And Clear Cases In Which It Does Not Apply; And These Two Sorts Of Cases Are All I Need For This Argument.

Whatever Is Referred To Must Exist. Let Us Call This The Axiom Of Existence.

The Reason That No Computer Program Can Ever Be A Mind Is Simply That A Computer Program Is Only Syntactical, And Minds Are More Than Syntactical. Minds Are Semantical, In The Sense That They Have More Than A Formal Structure, They Have A Content.

There Is No Success Or Failure In Nature.

Success Or Failure

We Often Attribute 'understanding' And Other Cognitive Predicates By Metaphor And Analogy To Cars, Adding Machines, And Other Artifacts, But Nothing Is Proved By Such Attributions.

The Ascription Of An Unconscious Intentional Phenomenon To A System Implies That The Phenomenon Is In Principle Accessible To Consciousness.

The Assertion Fallacy Is The Fallacy Of Confusing The Conditions For The Performance Of The Speech Act Of Assertion With The Analysis Of The Meaning Of Particular Words Occurring In Certain Assertions.

Where Questions Of Style And Exposition Are Concerned I Try To Follow A Simple Maxim: If You Can't Say It Clearly You Don't Understand It Yourself.

You Do Not Understand Your Own Tradition If You Do Not See It In Relation To Others.

Because We Do Not Understand The Brain Very Well We Are Constantly Tempted To Use The Latest Technology As A Model For Trying To Understand It. In My Childhood We Were Always Assured That The Brain Was A Telephone Switchboard...sherrington, The Great British Neuroscientist, Thought The Brain Worked Like A Telegraph System. Freud Often Compared The Brain To Hydraulic And Electromagnetic Systems. Leibniz Compared It To A Mill...at Present, Obviously, The Metaphor Is The Digital Computer.

It Seemed To A Number Of Philosophers Of Language, Myself Included, That We Should Attempt To Achieve A Unification Of Chomsky's Syntax, With The Results Of The Researches That Were Going On In Semantics And Pragmatics. I Believe That This Effort Has Proven To Be A Failure. Though Chomsky Did Indeed Revolutionize The Subject Of Linguistics, It Is Not At All Clear, At The End The Century, What The Solid Results Of This Revolution Are. As Far As I Can Tell There Is Not A Single Rule Of Syntax That All, Or Even Most, Competent Linguists Are Prepared To Agree Is A Rule.

My Car And My Adding Machine Understand Nothing: They Are Not In That Line Of Business

How Do We Get From Electrons To Elections And From Protons To Presidents?

You Can't *discover* That The Brain Is A Digital Computer. You Can Only *interpret* The Brain As A Digital Computer.

The General Nature Of The Speech Act Fallacy Can Be Stated As Follows, Using "good" As Our Example. Calling Something Good Is Characteristically Praising Or Commending Or Recommending It, Etc. But It Is A Fallacy To Infer From This That The Meaning Of "good" Is Explained By Saying It Is Used To Perform The Act Of Commendation.

Where Consciousness Is Concerned, The Appearance Is The Reality.

If You Can't Say It Clearly, You Don't Understand It Yourself

In Many Cases It Is A Matter For Decision And Not A Simple Matter Of Fact Whether X Understands Y; And So On.

Dualism Makes The Problem Insoluble; Materialism Denies The Existence Of Any Phenomenon To Study, And Hence Of Any Problem.

The Problem Posed By Indirect Speech Acts Is The Problem Of How It Is Possible For The Speaker To Say One Thing And Mean That But Also To Mean Something Else.

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