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We Know The Laws Of Trial And Error, Of Large Numbers And Probabilities. We Know That These Laws Are Part Of The Mathematical And Mechanical Fabric Of The Universe, And That They Are Also At Play In Biological Processes. But, In The Name Of The Experimental Method And Out Of Our Poor Knowledge, Are We Really Entitled To Claim That Everything Happens By Chance, To The Exclusion Of All Other Possibilities?

-Albert Claude

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We Know The Laws

Albert Claude

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We Know The Laws Of Trial And Error, Of Large Numbers And Probabilities. We Know That These Laws Are Part Of The Mathematical And Mechanical Fabric Of The Universe, And That They Are Also At Play In Biological Processes. But, In The Name Of The Experimental Method And Out Of Our Poor Knowledge, Are We Really Entitled To Claim That Everything Happens By Chance, To The Exclusion Of All Other Possibilities?

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This Attempt To Isolate Cell Constituents Might Have Been A Failure If They Had Been Destroyed By The Relative Brutality Of The Technique Employed. But This Did Not Happen.

I Remember Vividly My Student Days, Spending Hours At The Light Microscope, Turning Endlessly The Micrometric Screw, And Gazing At The Blurred Boundary Which Concealed The Mysterious Ground Substance Where The Secret Mechanisms Of Cell Life Might Be Found.

For The Resolving Powers Of Our Scientific Instruments Decide, At A Given Moment, Of The Size And The Vision Of Our Universe, And Of The Image We Then Make Of Ourselves.

This Familiarity With A Respected Physician And My Appreciation Of His Work, Or The Tragedy I Experienced With The Long, Tormented Agony And Death Of My Mother Might Have Influenced Me In Wanting To Study Medicine. It Was Not The Case.

Small Bodies, About Half A Micron In Diameter, And Later Referred To Under The Name Of 'mitochondria' Were Detected Under The Light Microscope As Early As 1894.

We Know The Laws Of Trial And Error, Of Large Numbers And Probabilities. We Know That These Laws Are Part Of The Mathematical And Mechanical Fabric Of The Universe, And That They Are Also At Play In Biological Processes. But, In The Name Of The Experimental Method And Out Of Our Poor Knowledge, Are We Really Entitled To Claim That Everything Happens By Chance, To The Exclusion Of All Other Possibilities?

Life, This Anti-entropy, Ceaselessly Reloaded With Energy, Is A Climbing Force, Toward Order Amidst Chaos, Toward Light, Among The Darkness Of The Indefinite, Toward The Mystic Dream Of Love, Between The Fire Which Devours Itself And The Silence Of The Cold.

As Far As I Remember, Even Younger Than Eight, I Have Always Been Guided By Reason. Not Cold Reason, But That Which Leads To The Truth, To The Real, And To Sane Justice.

It Is The Cells Which Create And Maintain In Us, During The Span Of Our Lives, Our Will To Live And Survive, To Search And Experiment, And To Struggle.

Once Ptolemy And Plato, Yesterday Newton, Today Einstein, And Tomorrow New Faiths, New Beliefs, And New Dimensions.

The Cell, Over The Billions Of Years Of Her Life, Has Covered The Earth Many Times With Her Substance, Found Ways To Control Herself And Her Environment, And Insure Her Survival.

For Over Two Billion Years, Through The Apparent Fancy Of Her Endless Differentiations And Metamorphosis The Cell, As Regards Its Basic Physiological Mechanisms, Has Remained One And The Same. It Is Life Itself, And Our True And Distant Ancestor.

When I Went To The University, The Medical School Was The Only Place Where One Could Hope To Find The Means To Study Life, Its Nature, Its Origins, And Its Ills.

I Told Him That For A Modern Scientist, Practicing Experimental Research, The Least That Could Be Said, Is That We Do Not Know. But I Felt That Such A Negative Answer Was Only Part Of The Truth. I Told Him That In This Universe In Which We Live, Unbounded In Space, Infinite In Stored Energy And, Who Knows, Unlimited In Time, The Adequate And Positive Answer, According To My Belief, Is That This Universe May, Also, Possess Infinite Potentialities.

Man, Like Other Organisms, Is So Perfectly Coordinated That He May Easily Forget, Whether Awake Or Asleep, That He Is A Colony Of Cells In Action, And That It Is The Cells Which Achieve, Through Him, What He Has The Illusion Of Accomplishing Himself.

Looking Back 25 Years Later, What I May Say Is That The Facts Have Been Far Better Than The Dreams. In The Long Course Of Cell Life On This Earth It Remained, For Our Age For Our Generation, To Receive The Full Ownership Of Our Inheritance.

Until 1930 Or Thereabout Biologists [using Microscopes], In The Situation Of Astronomers And Astrophysicists, Were Permitted To See The Objects Of Their Interest, But Not To Touch Them; The Cell Was As Distant From Us, As The Stars And Galaxies Were From Them.

If We Examine The Accomplishments Of Man In His Most Advanced Endeavors, In Theory And In Practice, We Find That The Cell Has Done All This Long Before Him, With Greater Resourcefulness And Much Greater Efficiency.

For This Equilibrium Now In Sight, Let Us Trust That Mankind, As It Has Occurred In The Greatest Periods Of Its Past, Will Find For Itself A New Code Of Ethics, Common To All, Made Of Tolerance, Of Courage, And Of Faith In The Spirit Of Men.

No Doubt, Man Will Continue To Weigh And To Measure, Watch Himself Grow, And His Universe Around Him And With Him, According To The Ever Growing Powers Of His Tools.

Is It Absurd To Imagine That Our Social Behavior, From Amoeba To Man, Is Also Planned And Dictated, From Stored Information, By The Cells? And That The Time Has Come For Men To Be Entrusted With The Task, Through Heroic Efforts, Of Bringing Life To Other Worlds?

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