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These Maxims And The Art Of Interpreting Them May Be Said To Constitute The Premisses Of Science But I Prefer To Call Them Our Scientific Beliefs. These Premisses Or Beliefs Are Embodied In A Tradition, The Tradition Of Science.

-Michael Polanyi

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These Maxims And The

Michael Polanyi

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These Maxims And The Art Of Interpreting Them May Be Said To Constitute The Premisses Of Science But I Prefer To Call Them Our Scientific Beliefs. These Premisses Or Beliefs Are Embodied In A Tradition, The Tradition Of Science.

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Admittedly, Scientific Authority Is Not Distributed Evenly Throughout The Body Of Scientists; Some Distinguished Members Of The Profession Predominate Over Others Of A More Junior Standing.

Discoveries Are Made By Pursuing Possibilities Suggested By Existing Knowledge.

The First Thing To Make Clear Is That Scientists, Freely Making Their Own Choice Of Problems And Pursuing Them In The Light Of Their Own Personal Judgment, Are In Fact Co-operating As Members Of A Closely Knit Organization.

To Try To Reform All The Power Structures At Once Would Leave Us With No Power Structure To Use In Our Project. In Any Case, We Will Be Able To See That Absolute Moral Renewal Could Be Attempted Only By An Absolute Power And That A Tyrannous Force Such As This Must Destroy The Whole Moral Life Of Man, Not Renew It.

The Amount Of Knowledge Which We Can Justify From Evidence Directly Available To Us Can Never Be Large. The Overwhelming Proportion Of Our Factual Beliefs Continue Therefore To Be Held At Second Hand Through Trusting Others, And In The Great Majority Of Cases Our Trust Is Placed In The Authority Of Comparatively Few People Of Widely Acknowledged Standing.

So Long As We Use A Certain Language, All Questions That We Can Ask Will Have To Be Formulated In It And Will Thereby Confirm The Theory Of The Universe Which Is Implied In The Vocabulary And Structure Of The Language.

No Inanimate Object Is Ever Fully Determined By The Laws Of Physics And Chemistry.

Inanimate Objects

Of Course Language Manifests A Belief Only If We Use Its Words With The Implied Acceptance Of Their Appositeness.

My Title Is Intended To Suggest That The Community Of Scientists Is Organized In A Way Which Resembles Certain Features Of A Body Politic And Works According To Economic Principles Similar To Those By Which The Production Of Material Goods Is Regulated.

Our Reliance On The Validity Of A Scientific Conclusion Depends Ultimately On A Judgment Of Coherence; And As There Can Exist No Strict Criterion For Coherence, Our Judgment Of It Must Always Remain A Qualitative, Nonformal, Tacit, Personal Judgment.

We Do Not Accept A Religion Because It Offers Us Certain Rewards. The Only Thing That A Religion Can Offer Us Is To Be Just What It, In Itself, Is: A Greater Meaning In Ourselves, In Our Lives, And In Our Grasp Of The Nature Of Things...a Religion Exists For Us Only If, Like A Piece Of Poetry, It Carries Us Away. It Is Not In Any Sense A 'hypothesis.

While Tacit Knowledge Can Be Possessed By Itself, Explicit Knowledge Must Rely On Being Tacitly Understood And Applied. Hence All Knowledge Is Either Tacit Or Rooted In Tacit Knowledge. A Wholly Explicit Knowledge Is Unthinkable.

These Maxims And The Art Of Interpreting Them May Be Said To Constitute The Premisses Of Science But I Prefer To Call Them Our Scientific Beliefs. These Premisses Or Beliefs Are Embodied In A Tradition, The Tradition Of Science.

The Process Of Philosophic And Scientific Enlightenment Has Shaken The Stability Of Beliefs Held Explicitly As Articles Of Faith.

I Hold That The Propositions Embodied In Natural Science Are Not Derived By Any Definite Rule From The Data Of Experience, And That They Can Neither Be Verified Nor Falsified By Experience According To Any Definite Rule.

Theories Of Evolution Must Provide For The Creative Acts Which Brought Such Theories Into Existence.

Theory Of Evolution

A Free Society Is Regarded As One That Does Not Engage, On Principle, In Attempting To Control What People Find Meaningful, And A Totalitarian Society Is Regarded As One That Does, On Principle, Attempt Such Control.

Personal Participation Is The Universal Principle Of Knowing.

We Know More Than We Can Tell.

We Could Not, For Example, Arrive At A Principle Like That Of Entropy Without Introducing Some Additional Principle, Such As Randomness, To This Topography.

Admittedly, The Body Of Scientists, As A Whole, Does Uphold The Authority Of Science Over The Lay Public. It Controls Thereby Also The Process By Which Young Men Are Trained To Become Members Of The Scientific Profession.

But Even Physics Cannot Be Defined From An Atomic Topography.

But The System Of Prices Ruling The Market Not Only Transmits Information In The Light Of Which Economic Agents Can Mutually Adjust Their Actions, It Also Provides Them With An Incentive To Exercise Economy In Terms Of Money.

Human Beings Exercise Responsibilities Within A Social Setting And A Framework Of Obligations Which Transcend The Principle Of Intelligence.

I Shall Reconsider Human Knowledge By Starting From The Fact That We Can Know More Than We Can Tell.

We Cannot Ultimately Specify The Grounds (either Metaphysical Or Logical Or Empirical) Upon Which We Hold That Our Knowledge Is True. Being Committed To Such Grounds, Dwelling In Them, We Are Projecting Ourselves To What We Believe To Be True From Or Through These Grounds. We Cannot Therefore See What They Are. We Cannot Look At Them Because We Are Looking With Them.

And The Actual Achievements Of Biology Are Explanations In Terms Of Mechanisms Founded On Physics And Chemistry, Which Is Not The Same Thing As Explanations In Terms Of Physics And Chemistry.

The Information In Dna Could No More Be Reduced To The Chemical Than Could The Ideas In A Book Be Reduced To The Ink And Paper: Something Beyond Physics And Chemistry Encoded Dna.

I Shall Suggest, On The Contrary, That All Communication Relies, To A Noticeable Extent On Evoking Knowledge That We Cannot Tell, And That All Our Knowledge Of Mental Processes, Like Feelings Or Conscious Intellectual Activities, Is Based On A Knowledge Which We Cannot Tell.

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