The Theoretically Unrestricted Right To Develop Power, To Wage War Against Other States, Is Antisocial And Is Doubly Dangerous, Because The State As A Mass Entity Represents A Low Moral And Intellectual Level.

-Christian Lous Lange

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The Theoretically Unrestricted Right

Christian Lous Lange

Topic

War

Intellectual

Levels

More From Christian Lous Lange

Like All Social Theories, Internationalism Must Seek Its Basis In The Economic And Technical Fields; Here Are To Be Found The Most Profound And The Most Decisive Factors In The Development Of Society.

Profound

Development

Fields

It Is An Accepted Commonplace In Psychology That The Spiritual Level Of People Acting As A Crowd Is Far Lower Than The Mean Of Each Individual's Intelligence Or Morality.

Spiritual

Mean

People

Technology Is A Useful Servant But A Dangerous Master.

Technology

Masters

Dangerous

Internationalism On The Other Hand Admits That Spiritual Achievements Have Their Roots Deep In National Life; From This National Consciousness Art And Literature Derive Their Character And Strength And On It Even Many Of The Humanistic Sciences Are Firmly Based.

Spiritual

Art

Character

Propaganda Must Appeal To Mankind's Better Judgment And To The Necessary Belief In A Better Future. For This Belief, The Valley Of The Shadow Of Death Is But A War Station On The Road To The Blessed Summit.

War

Blessed

Shadow Of Death

A Pacifist Will Often - At Least Nowadays - Be An Internationalist And Vice Versa. But History Shows Us That A Pacifist Need Not Think Internationally.

Thinking

Vices

Needs

The Free Trade Movement In The Middle Of The Last Century Represents The First Conscious Recognition Of These New Circumstances And Of The Necessity To Adapt To Them.

Lasts

Firsts

Movement

Internationalism Is A Social And Political Theory, A Certain Concept Of How Human Society Ought To Be Organized, And In Particular A Concept Of How The Nations Ought To Organize Their Mutual Relations.

The Main Concept Is That Of An International Solidarity Expressed In Practice Through Worldwide Division Of Labor: Free Trade Is The Principal Point In The Program Of Internationalism.

Practice

Division Of Labor

Program

Every Time Economic And Technical Development Takes A Step Forward, Forces Emerge Which Attempt To Create Political Forms For What, On The Economic-technical Plane, Has Already More Or Less Become Reality.

Reality

Political

Development

In Particular, The Efforts To Reestablish Peace After The World War Have Been Directed Toward The Formation Of States And The Regulation Of Their Frontiers According To A Consciously National Program.

War

Effort

World

No State Is Free From Militarism, Which Is Inherent In The Very Concept Of The Sovereign State. There Are Merely Differences Of Degree In The Militarism Of States.

Differences

Degrees

Sovereign

The Simultaneous Reactions Elicited All Over The World By The Reading Of Newspaper Dispatches About The Same Events Create, As It Were, A Common Mental Pulse Beat For The Whole Of Civilized Mankind.

Reading

World

Pulse

But Teleological Considerations Can Lead No Further Than To A Belief And A Hope. They Do Not Give Certainty.

Giving

Belief

Consideration

Militarism Is Basically A Way Of Thinking, A Certain Interpretation Of The Function Of The State; This Manner Of Thinking Is, Moreover, Revealed By Its Outer Forms: By Armaments And State Organization.

Thinking

Organization

Way

The Idea Of Eternity Lives In All Of Us. We Thirst To Live In A Belief Which Raises Our Small Personality To A Higher Coherence - A Coherence Which Is Human And Yet Superhuman, Absolute And Yet Steadily Growing And Developing, Ideal And Yet Real.

Real

Ideas

Personality

History Shows Us That Other Highly Developed Forms Of Civilization Have Collapsed. Who Knows Whether The Same Fate Does Not Await Our Own?

Fate

Civilization

Doe

Moreover, If The Territorial State Is To Continue As The Last Word In The Development Of Society, Then War Is Inevitable.

War

Development

Lasts

Concord, Solidarity, And Mutual Help Are The Most Important Means Of Enabling Animal Species To Survive.

Mean

Animal

Mutual Help

All Species Capable Of Grasping This Fact Manage Better In The Struggle For Existence Than Those Which Rely Upon Their Own Strength Alone: The Wolf, Which Hunts In A Pack, Has A Greater Chance Of Survival Than The Lion, Which Hunts Alone.

Struggle

Rely Upon

Survival

The Sovereign State Has In Our Times Become A Lethal Danger To Human Civilization Because Technical Developments Enable It To Employ An Infinite Number And Variety Of Means Of Destruction.

Mean

Numbers

Civilization

Internationalism Is A Community Theory Of Society Which Is Founded On Economic, Spiritual, And Biological Facts. It Maintains That Respect For A Healthy Development Of Human Society And Of World Civilization Requires That Mankind Be Organized Internationally. Nationalities Should Form The Constitutive Links In A Great World Alliance, And Must Be Guaranteed An Independent Life In The Realm Of The Spiritual And For Locally Delimited Tasks, While Economic And Political Objectives Must Be Guided Internationally In A Spirit Of Peaceful Cooperation For The Promotion Of Mankind's Common Interests.

Spiritual

Independent

Civilization

It Is Against This Concept Of The Sovereign State, A State Isolated By Protectionism And Militarism, That Internationalism Must Now Engage In Decisive Battle.

Battle

Engagement

Sovereign

Only Recently, During The Nineteenth Century, And Then Only In Europe, Do We Meet Forms Of The State Which Have Been Created By A Deliberate National Feeling.

Europe

Feelings

Century

Just As Characteristic, Perhaps, Is The Intellectual Interdependence Created Through The Development Of The Modern Media Of Communication: Post, Telegraph, Telephone, And Popular Press.

Today We Stand On A Bridge Leading From The Territorial State To The World Community. Politically, We Are Still Governed By The Concept Of The Territorial State; Economically And Technically, We Live Under The Auspices Of Worldwide Communications And Worldwide Markets.

Communication

Bridges

Community

Modern Techniques Have Torn Down State Frontiers, Both Economical And Intellectual. The Growth Of Means Of Transport Has Created A World Market And An Opportunity For Division Of Labor Embracing All The Developed And Most Of The Undeveloped States.

Mean

Opportunity

Division Of Labor

Within Each Such Social Group, A Feeling Of Solidarity Prevails, A Compelling Need To Work Together And A Joy In Doing So That Represent A High Moral Value.

Joy

Feelings

Together

Earlier Ages Fortified Themselves Behind The Sovereign State, Behind Protectionism And Militarism.

Age

Sovereign

States

Europe Cannot Survive Another World War.

War

Europe

World

Hand In Hand With Nationalist Economic Isolationism, Militarism Struggles To Maintain The Sovereign State Against The Forward March Of Internationalism.

Struggle

Hands

Sovereign

Upon The Union Of The Male Germ Cell With The Female Egg Cell, A New Cell Is Created Which Almost Immediately Splits Into Two Parts. One Of These Grows Rapidly, Creating The Human Body Of The Individual With All Its Organs, And Dies Only With The Individual.

Eggs

Two

Creating

The Territorial State Is Such An Ancient Form Of Society - Here In Europe It Dates Back Thousands Of Years - That It Is Now Protected By The Sanctity Of Age And The Glory Of Tradition. A Strong Religious Feeling Mingles With The Respect And The Devotion To The Fatherland.

Religious

Strong

Years

Understanding Quotes: Their Essence and Application

Quotes, or quotations, are powerful tools in communication, encapsulating ideas, emotions, and wisdom in concise expressions. They serve various purposes across different contexts, from academic writing to everyday conversation.

1. Defining Quotes

A quote is a repetition of someone else's statement or thoughts. It can be a direct replication of words spoken or written by another individual, often used to support arguments, provide evidence, or convey profound insights.

2. The Importance of Quotes

2.1. Enhancing Credibility

Incorporating quotes from authoritative sources can bolster the credibility of your work. By referencing experts or primary sources, you demonstrate thorough research and a solid foundation for your arguments.

2.2. Providing Evidence

Quotes serve as concrete evidence to support claims. In academic and professional writing, they validate points made, offering readers a basis to trust the information presented.

2.3. Conveying Emotions and Perspectives

Quotes can encapsulate emotions and perspectives succinctly. They allow writers to express complex feelings or viewpoints through the words of others, often more eloquently than paraphrasing.

3. Types of Quotes

3.1. Direct Quotes

Direct quotes involve copying the exact words from a source, enclosed in quotation marks. They are used when the original wording is significant or particularly well-expressed.

3.2. Indirect Quotes (Paraphrasing)

Indirect quotes restate the original message in your own words. While not enclosed in quotation marks, they still require proper attribution to the original source.

3.3. Block Quotes

Block quotes are lengthy direct quotations, formatted as a separate block of text. They are typically used for quotes exceeding a certain length, varying by citation style. For instance, in APA style, quotes longer than 40 words are formatted as block quotes.

4. Proper Usage of Quotes

4.1. Contextual Relevance

Ensure that the quote you choose is relevant to the topic and adds value to your content. Avoid inserting quotes solely for decorative purposes.

4.2. Integration into Your Writing

Seamlessly integrate quotes into your writing. Introduce them appropriately and follow up with analysis or commentary to connect them to your main points.

4.3. Attribution and Citation

Always attribute quotes to their original authors and provide proper citations according to the required style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid

5.1. Overusing Quotes

Relying too heavily on quotes can overshadow your voice. Use them sparingly to support your arguments, not replace them.

5.2. Lack of Analysis

Presenting a quote without analysis or explanation can leave readers questioning its relevance. Always follow up with your interpretation or discussion.

5.3. Misquoting or Taking Out of Context

Ensure that quotes are accurate and not taken out of context, as this can mislead readers and undermine your credibility.

6. Quotes in Different Contexts

6.1. Academic Writing

In academic writing, quotes are used to support arguments, provide evidence, and engage with existing literature. Proper citation is crucial to avoid plagiarism.

6.2. Journalism

Journalists use quotes to provide firsthand accounts, add authenticity, and present multiple perspectives within a story.

6.3. Literature and Creative Writing

In literature, quotes can be used to convey character voices, themes, and stylistic elements. They enrich narratives and provide depth to storytelling.

7. Punctuation and Formatting

Understanding the correct punctuation and formatting of quotes is essential:

Quotation Marks: Always enclose direct quotes within quotation marks.

Punctuation Placement: In American English, periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks, while colons and semicolons are placed outside.

Block Quotes: For longer quotes, format them as block quotes without quotation marks, and indent the entire block.

8. Ethical Considerations

Ethical use of quotes involves accurate representation, proper attribution, and respect for intellectual property. Misuse can lead to plagiarism, which carries serious academic and professional consequences.

9. Tools for Managing Quotes

Utilize tools like citation generators and plagiarism checkers to manage quotes effectively. These tools help ensure proper formatting and originality in your writing.

Conclusion

Quotes are invaluable in enriching content, providing evidence, and conveying complex ideas succinctly. When used appropriately, they enhance the quality and credibility of your writing. Always ensure relevance, proper integration, and ethical usage to maximize their impact.

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