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The Idea That The Object Of Constitutions Is Not To Confirm The Predominance Of Any Interest, But To Prevent It; To Preserve With Equal Care The Independence Of Labour And The Security Of Property; To Make The Rich Safe Against Envy, And The Poor Against Oppression, Marks The Highest Level Attained By The Statesmanship Of Greece.

-Lord Acton

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The Idea That The

Lord Acton

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The Idea That The Object Of Constitutions Is Not To Confirm The Predominance Of Any Interest, But To Prevent It; To Preserve With Equal Care The Independence Of Labour And The Security Of Property; To Make The Rich Safe Against Envy, And The Poor Against Oppression, Marks The Highest Level Attained By The Statesmanship Of Greece.

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Liberty, Next To Religion Has Been The Motive Of Good Deeds And The Common Pretext Of Crime, From The Sowing Of The Seed At Athens, 2,460 Years Ago, Until The Ripened Harvest Was Gathered By Men Of Our Race. It Is The Delicate Fruit Of A Mature Civilization; And Scarcely A Century Has Passed Since Nations, That Knew The Meaning Of The Term, Resolved To Be Free. In Every Age Its Progress Has Been Beset By Its Natural Enemies, By Ignorance And Superstition, By Lust Of Conquest And By Love Of Ease, By The Strong Man's Craving For Power, And The Poor Man's Craving For Food.

The Epoch Of Doubt And Transition During Which The Greeks Passed From The Dim Fancies Of Mythology To The Fierce Light Of Science Was The Age Of Pericles, And The Endeavour To Substitute Certain Truth For The Prescriptions Of Impaired Authorities, Which Was Then Beginning To Absorb The Energies Of The Greek Intellect, Is The Grandest Movement In The Profane Annals Of Mankind, For To It We Owe, Even After The Immeasurable Progress Accomplished By Christianity, Much Of Our Philosophy And Far The Better Part Of The Political Knowledge We Possess.

Liberty Is The Harmony Between The Will And The Law.

Save For The Wild Force Of Nature, Nothing Moves In This World That Is Not Greek In Its Origin.

That Great Political Idea, Sanctifying Freedom And Consecrating It To God, Teaching Men To Treasure The Liberties Of Others As Their Own And To Defend Them For The Love Of Justice And Charity More Than As A Claim Of Right, Has Been The Soul Of What Is Great And Good In The Progress Of The Last Two Hundred Years.

There Should Be A Law To The People Besides Its Own Will.

Every Thing Secret Degenerates, Even The Administration Of Justice; Nothing Is Safe That Does Not Show How It Can Bear Discussion And Publicity.

Be Not Content With The Best Book; Seek Sidelights From The Others; Have No Favourites.

Towns Were The Nursery Of Freedom.

The Light That Has Guided Us Is Still Unquenched, And The Causes That Have Carried Us So Far In The Van Of Free Nations Have Not Spent Their Power; Because The Story Of The Future Is Written In The Past, And That Which Hath Been Is The Same Thing That Shall Be.

The Idea That The Object Of Constitutions Is Not To Confirm The Predominance Of Any Interest, But To Prevent It; To Preserve With Equal Care The Independence Of Labour And The Security Of Property; To Make The Rich Safe Against Envy, And The Poor Against Oppression, Marks The Highest Level Attained By The Statesmanship Of Greece.

History Is Not A Burden On The Memory But An Illumination Of The Soul.

At All Times Sincere Friends Of Freedom Have Been Rare, And Its Triumphs Have Been Due To Minorities.

Progress, The Religion Of Those Who Have None.

Federalism Is The Best Curb On Democracy. [it] Assigns Limited Powers To The Central Government. Thereby All Power Is Limited. It Excludes Absolute Power Of The Majority.

Power Tends To Corrupt And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely. Great Men Are Almost Always Bad Men, Even When They Exercise Influence And Not Authority: Still More When You Superadd The Tendency Or The Certainty Of Corruption By Authority.

Influence And Power

Political Differences Essentially Depend On Disagreement In Moral Principles.

Political Differences

Those Who Have More Power Are Liable To Sin More; No Theorem In Geometry Is More Certain Than This.

Property Is Not The Sacred Right. When A Rich Man Becomes Poor It Is A Misfortune, It Is Not A Moral Evil. When A Poor Man Becomes Destitute, It Is A Moral Evil, Teeming With Consequences And Injurious To Society And Morality.

The Few Have Not Strength To Achieve Great Changes Unaided; The Many Have Not Wisdom To Be Moved By Truth Unmixed.

I Mourn For The Stake Which Was Lost At Richmond More Deeply Than I Rejoice Over That Which Was Saved At Waterloo.

It Is They [men Of Science] Who Hold The Secret Of The Mysterious Property Of The Mind By Which Error Ministers To Truth, And Truth Slowly But Irrevocably Prevails. Theirs Is The Logic Of Discovery, The Demonstration Of The Advance Of Knowledge And The Development Of Ideas, Which As The Earthly Wants And Passions Of Men Remain Almost Unchanged, Are The Charter Of Progress, And The Vital Spark In History.

History Is The Arbiter Of Controversy, The Monarch Of All She Surveys.

Absolute Power Demoralizes.

Liberty, Next To Religion Has Been The Motive Of Good Deeds And The Common Pretext Of Crime.

History Is Not Only A Particular Branch Of Knowledge, But A Particular Mode And Method Of Knowledge In Other Branches.

Socialism Easily Accepts Despotism. It Requires The Strongest Execution Of Power -- Power Sufficient To Interfere With Property.

Ink Was Not Invented To Express Our Real Feelings.

At All Times Sincere Friends Of Freedom Have Been Rare, And Its Triumphs Have Been Due To Minorities, That Have Prevailed By Associating Themselves With Auxiliaries Whose Objects Often Differed From Their Own; And This Association, Which Is Always Dangerous, Has Sometimes Been Disastrous.

There Is No Error So Monstrous That It Fails To Find Defenders Among The Ablest Men.

Official Truth Is Not Actual Truth.

A Generous Spirit Prefers That His Country Should Be Poor, And Weak, And Of No Account, But Free, Rather Than Powerful, Prosperous, And Enslaved.

Generous Spirit

Machiavelli's Teaching Would Hardly Have Stood The Test Of Parliamentary Government, For Public Discussion Demands At Least The Profession Of Good Faith.

It Was From America That The Plain Ideas That Men Ought To Mind Their Business, And That The Nation Is Responsible To Heaven For The Acts Of The State, - Ideas Long Locked In The Breast Of Solitary Thinkers, And Hidden Among Latin Folios, - Burst Forth Like A Conqueror Upon The World They Were Destined To Transform, Under The Title Of The Rights Of Man... And The Principle Gained Ground, That A Nation Can Never Abandon Its Fate To An Authority It Cannot Control.

Neither An Enlightened Philosophy, Nor All The Political Wisdom Of Rome, Nor Even The Faith And Virtue Of The Christians Availed Against The Incorrigible Tradition Of Antiquity. Something Was Wanted, Beyond All The Gifts Of Reflection And Experience - A Faculty Of Self Government And Self Control, Developed Like Its Language In The Fibre Of A Nation, And Growing With Its Growth.

By Liberty I Mean The Assurance That Every Man Shall Be Protected In Doing What He Believes To Be His Duty Against The Influences Of Authority And Majorities, Custom And Opinion.

Before Men Can Find Peace And Harmony Within Themselves They Must First Fall In Love With Their Country.

Falling In Love

Moral Precepts Are Constant Through The Ages And Not Obedient To Circumstances.

Limitation Is Essential To Authority. A Government Is Legitimate Only If It Is Effectively Limited.

Great Men Are Almost Always Bad Men, Even When They Exercise Influence And Not Authority...

Influence And Power

Great Men Are Almost Always Bad Men.

The One Pervading Evil Of Democracy Is The Tyranny Of The Majority.

Democracies Have

The Fate Of Every Democracy, Of Every Government Based On The Sovereignty Of The People, Depends On The Choices It Makes Between These Opposite Principles, Absolute Power On The One Hand, And On The Other The Restraints Of Legality And The Authority Of Tradition.

Many Things Are Better For Silence Than For Speech: Others Are Better For Speech Than For Stationery.

A Public Man Has No Right To Let His Actions Be Determined By Particular Interests. He Does The Same Thing As A Judge Who Accepts A Bribe. Like A Judge He Must Consider What Is Right, Not What Is Advantageous To A Party Or Class.

Self-preservation And Self-denial: The Basis Of All Political Economy.

The One Pervading Evil Of Democracy Is The Tyranny Of The Majority, Or Rather Of That Party, Not Always The Majority, That Succeeds, By Force Or Fraud, In Carrying Elections.

Democracies Have

The History Of Institutions Is Often A History Of Deception And Illusions; For Their Virtue Depends On The Ideas That Produce And On The Spirit That Preserves Them, And The Form May Remain Unaltered When The Substance Has Passed Away.

There Are Many Things The Government Cant Do, Many Good Purposes It Must Renounce. It Must Leave Them To The Enterprise Of Others. It Cannot Feed The People. It Cannot Enrich The People. It Cannot Teach The People. It Cannot Convert The People.

Liberty Is The Prevention Of Control By Others.

For Centuries It Was Never Discovered That Education Was A Function Of The State, And The State Never Attempted To Educate. But When Modern Absolutism Arose, It Laid Claim To Everything On Behalf Of The Sovereign Power....when The Revolutionary Theory Of Government Began To Prevail, And Church And State Found That They Were Educating For Opposite Ends And In A Contradictory Spirit, It Became Necessary To Remove Children Entirely From The Influence Of Religion.

Truth Is The Only Merit That Gives Dignity And Worth To History.

A Liberal Is Only A Bundle Of Prejudices Until He Has Mastered, Has Understood, Experienced The Philosophy Of Conservatism.

When You Perceive A Truth, Look For The Balancing Truth.

Guard Against The Prestige Of Great Names; See That Your Judgments Are Your Own; And Do Not Shrink From Disagreement; No Trusting Without Testing

There Is No Error So Monstrous That It Fails To Find Defenders Among The Ablest Men. Imagine A Congress Of Eminent Celebrities, Such As More, Bacon, Grotius, Pascal, Cromwell, Bossuet, Montesquieu, Jefferson, Napoleon, Pitt, Etc. The Result Would Be An Encyclopedia Of Error.

The Strong Man With The Dagger Is Followed By The Weak Man With The Sponge.

In Every Age Its (liberty's) Progress Has Been Beset By Its Natural Enemies, By Ignorance And Superstition, By Lust Of Conquest And By Love Of Ease, By The Strong Man's Craving For Power, And The Poor Man's Craving For Food

Judge Talent At Its Best And Character At Its Worst.

The Long Term Versus The Short Term Argument Is One Used By Losers.

The State Is Competent To Assign Duties And Draw The Line Between Good And Evil Only In Its Immediate Sphere. Beyond The Limits Of Things Necessary For Its Well-being, It Can Only Give Indirect Help To Fight The Battle Of Life By Promoting The Influences Which Prevail Against Temptation--religion, Education, And The Distribution Of Wealth.

History, To Be Above Evasion Or Dispute, Must Stand On Documents, Not On Opinions.

The Will Of The People Cannot Make Just That Which Is Unjust.

The Most Certain Test By Which We Judge Whether A Country Is Really Free Is The Amount Of Security Enjoyed By Minorities.

The Test Of Liberty Is The Position And Security Of Minorities.

Character Is Tested By True Sentiments More Than By Conduct. A Man Is Seldom Better Than His Word.

The True Natural Check On Absolute Democracy Is The Federal System, Which Limits The Central Government By The Powers Reserved, And The State Governments By The Powers They Have Ceded.

The Reward Of History Is That It Releases And Relieves Us From Present Strife.

The Barbarians, Who Possessed No Books, No Secular Knowledge, No Education, Except In The Schools Of The Clergy, And Who Had Scarcely Acquired The Rudiments Of Religious Instruction, Turned With Childlike Attachment To Men Whose Minds Were Stored With The Knowledge Of Scripture, Of Cicero, Of St. Augustine; And In The Scanty World Of Their Ideas, The Church Was Felt To Be Something Infinitely Vaster, Stronger, Holier Than Their Newly Founded States.

I Saw In States' Rights The Only Availing Check Upon The Absolutism Of The Sovereign Will, And Secession Filled Me With Hope, Not As The Destruction But As The Redemption Of Democracy.... Therefore I Deemed That You Were Fighting The Battles Of Our Liberty, Our Progress, And Our Civilization, And I Mourn For The Stake Which Was Lost At Richmond More Deeply Than I Rejoice Over That Which Was Saved At Waterloo.

The Man Who Prefers His Country Before Any Other Duty Shows The Same Spirit As The Man Who Surrenders Every Right To The State. They Both Deny That Right Is Superior To Authority.

The Wisdom Of Divine Rule Appears Not In The Perfection But In The Improvement Of The World... History Is The True Demonstration Of Religion.

The Common Vice Of Democracy Is Disregard For Morality.

Be Generous Before You Are Just. Do Not Temper Mercy With Justice.

Liberty And Good Government Do Not Exclude Each Other; And There Are Excellent Reasons Why They Should Go Together. Liberty Is Not A Means To A Higher Political End. It Is Itself The Highest Political End.

Liberty Is The Prevention Of Control By Others. This Requires Self-control And, Therefore, Religious And Spiritual Influences; Education, Knowledge, Well-being.

Do Not Turn Yourself From An End Into A Means-one Does Not Justify The Other.

I Have Reached The End Of My Time, And Have Hardly Come To The Beginning Of My Task.

I Exhort You Never To Debase The Moral Currency Or To Lower The Standard Of Rectitude, But To Try Others By The Final Maxim That Governs Your Own Lives, And To Suffer No Man And No Cause To Escape The Undying Penalty Which History Has The Power To Inflict On Wrong.

Democracy Generally Monopolizes And Concentrates Power.

I'm Not A Driven Businessman, But A Driven Artist. I Never Think About Money. Beautiful Things Make Money.

Funny Inspirational

There Is Not A Soul Who Does Not Have To Beg Alms Of Another, Either A Smile, A Handshake, Or A Fond Eye.

The Possession Of Unlimited Power Corrodes The Conscience, Hardens The Heart, And Confounds The Understanding.

False Principles, Which Correspond With The Bad As Well As With The Just Aspirations Of Mankind, Are A Normal And Necessary Element In The Social Life Of Nations.

Liberty Has Not Only Enemies Which It Conquers, But Perfidious Friends, Who Rob The Fruits Of Its Victories: Absolute Democracy, Socialism.

Government Rules The Present. Literature Rules The Future.

The Issue Which Has Swept Down The Centuries And Which Will Have To Be Fought Sooner Or Later Is The People Versus The Banks.

I Cannot Accept Your Canon That We Are To Judge Pope And King Unlike Other Men, With A Favorable Presumption That They Do No Wrong. If There Is Any Presumption, It Is The Other Way Against Holders Of Power...power Tends To Corrupt And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely.

Fanaticism In Religion Is The Alliance Of The Passions She Condemns With The Dogmas She Professes.

Whenever A Single Definite Object Is Made The Supreme End Of The State, Be It The Advantage Of A Class, The Safety Of The Power Of The Country, The Greatest Happiness Of The Greatest Number, Or The Support Of Any Speculative Idea, The State Becomes For The Time Inevitably Absolute. Liberty Alone Demands For Its Realization The Limitation Of The Public Authority, For Liberty Is The Only Object Which Benefits All Alike, And Provokes No Sincere Opposition.

The Law Of Liberty Tends To Abolish The Reign Of Race Over Race, Of Faith Over Faith, Of Class Over Class. It Is Not The Realisation Of A Political Ideal: It Is The Discharge Of A Moral Obligation.

There Is Not A More Perilous Or Immoral Habit Of Mind Than The Sanctifying Of Success.

The Science Of Politics Is The One Science That Is Deposited By The Streams Of History, Like The Grains Of Gold In The Sand Of A River; And The Knowledge Of The Past, The Record Of Truths Revealed By Experience, Is Eminently Practical, As An Instrument Of Action And A Power That Goes To Making The Future.

Men Cannot Be Made Good By The State, But They Can Easily Be Made Bad. Morality Depends On Liberty.

Though Oppression May Give Rise To Violent And Repeated Outbreaks, Like The Convulsions Of A Man In Pain, It Cannot Mature A Settled Purpose And Plan Of Regeneration, Unless A New Notion Of Happiness Is Joined To The Sense Of Present Evil.

If The Past Has Been An Obstacle And A Burden, Knowledge Of The Past Is The Safest And The Surest Emancipation.

Every Error Pronounces Judgment On Itself When It Attempts To Apply Its Rules To The Standard Of Truth.

A Man Can Be Trusted Only Up To Low-water Mark.

There Is No Worse Heresy Than That The Office Sanctifies The Holder Of It.

From The Absolute Will Of An Entire People There Is No Appeal, No Redemption, No Refuge But Treason.

In England Parliament Is Above The Law. In America The Law Is Above Congress.

History Provides Neither Compensation For Suffering Nor Penalties For Wrong.

Government By Idea Tends To Take In Everything, To Make The Whole Of Society Obedient To The Idea. Spaces Not So Governed Are Unconquered, Beyond The Border, Unconverted, A Future Danger.

Everybody Likes To Get As Much Power As Circumstances Allow, And Nobody Will Vote For A Self-denying Ordinance.

The Principle Of The Inquisition Was Murderous. . . . The Popes Were Not Only Murderers In The Great Style, But They Also Made Murder A Legal Basis Of The Christian Church And A Condition Of Salvation.

Socialism Means Slavery.

And Remember, Where You Have A Concentration Of Power In A Few Hands, All Too Frequently Men With The Mentality Of Gangsters Get Control. History Has Proven That.

Advice To Persons About To Write History - Don't.

Liberty Is Not A Means To A Higher Political End. It Is Itself The Highest Political End...liberty Is The Only Object Which Benefits All Alike, And Provokes No Sincere Opposition...the Danger Is Not That A Particular Class Is Unfit To Govern. ~ Every Class Is Unfit To Govern ... Power Tends To Corrupt, And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely. Great Men Are Almost Always Bad Men.

Writers The Most Learned, The Most Accurate In Details, And The Soundest In Tendency, Frequently Fall Into A Habit Which Can Neither Be Cured Nor Pardoned,-the Habit Of Making History Into The Proof Of Their Theories.

Live Both In The Future And The Past. Who Does Not Live In The Past Does Not Live In The Future.

Opinions Alter, Manners Change, Creeds Rise And Fall, But The Moral Law Is Written On The Tablets Of Eternity.

Authority That Does Not Exist For Liberty Is Not Authority But Force.

Remember That One Touch Of Ill-nature Makes The Whole World Kin.

A People Averse To The Institution Of Private Property Is Without The First Elements Of Freedom

Learn As Much By Writing As By Reading.

It Is Bad To Be Oppressed By A Minority, But It Is Worse To Be Oppressed By A Majority. For There Is A Reserve Of Latent Power In The Masses Which, If It Is Called Into Play, The Minority Can Seldom Resist. But From The Absolute Will Of An Entire People There Is No Appeal, No Redemption, No Refuge But Treason.

It Is Very Easy To Speak Words Of Wisdom From A Comfortable Distance, When One Sees No Reality, No Details, None Of The Effect On Men's Minds.

Liberty Is Not The Power Of Doing What We Like, But The Right Of Being Able To Do What We Ought.

Far From Being The Product Of A Democratic Revolution And Of An Opposition To English Institutions, The Constitution Of The United States Was The Result Of A Powerful Reaction Against Democracy, And In Favor Of The Traditions Of The Mother Country.

The Danger Is Not That A Particular Class Is Unfit To Govern: Every Class Is Unfit To Govern.

The Passion For Power Over Others Can Never Cease To Threaten Mankind, And Is Always Sure Of Finding New And Unforseen Allies In Continuing Its Martyrology.

Judge Not According To The Orthodox Standard Of A System Religious, Philosophical, Political, But According As Things Promote, Or Fail To Promote The Delicacy, Integrity, And Authority Of Conscience.

The Finest Opportunity Ever Given To The World Was Thrown Away Because The Passion Of Equality Made Vain The Hope For Freedom.

A Wise Person Does At Once, What A Fool Does At Last. Both Do The Same Thing; Only At Different Times.

Every Class Is Unfit To Govern.

To Develop And Perfect And Arm Conscience Is The Great Achievement Of History.

Before God, There Is Neither Greek Nor Barbarian, Neither Rich Nor Poor, And The Slave Is As Good As His Master, For By Birth All Men Are Free; They Are Citizens Of The Universal Commonwealth Which Embraces All The World, Brethren Of One Family, And Children Of God.

If Some Great Catastrophe Is Not Announced Every Morning, We Feel A Certain Void. Nothing In The Paper Today, We Sigh.

Despotic Power Is Always Accompanied By Corruption Of Morality.

Monarchy Hardens Into Despotism. Aristocracy Contracts Into Oligarchy. Democracy Expands Into The Supremacy Of Numbers.

A Government Does Not Desire Its Powers To Be Strictly Defined, But The Subjects Require The Line To Be Drawn With Increasing Precision.

Good And Evil Lie Close Together. Seek No Artistic Unity In Character.

There Are Two Things Which Cannot Be Attacked In Front: Ignorance And Narrow-mindedness. They Can Only Be Shaken By The Simple Development Of The Contrary Qualities. They Will Not Bear Discussion.

It Is Bad To Be Oppressed By A Minority, But It Is Worse To Be Oppressed By A Majority.

Democracies Have

The True Guide Of Our Conduct Is No Outward Authority, But The Voice Of God, Who Comes Down To Dwell In Our Souls, Who Knows All Our Thoughts, To Whom Are Owing All The Truth We Know, And All The Good We Do; For Vice Is Voluntary, And Virtue Comes From The Grace Of The Heavenly Spirit Within.

Feudalism Made Land The Measure And The Master Of All Things.

Many Men Can No More Be Kept Straight By Spiritual Motives Than We Can Live Without Policemen.

It Is Easier To Find People Fit To Govern Themselves Than People Fit To Govern Others.

A Convinced Man Differs From A Prejudiced Man As An Honest Man From A Liar.

Piety Sometimes Gives Birth To Scruples, And Faith To Superstition, When They Are Not Directed By Wisdom And Knowledge.

It Is Dangerous, At Any Time, To Multiply Sources Of Weakness.

Liberty Is Not A Means To A Higher Political End. It Is Itself The Highest Political End. It Is Not For The Sake Of A Good Public Administration That It Is Required, But For The Security In The Pursuit Of The Highest Objects Of Civil Society, And Of Private Life.

A History That Should Pursue All The Subtle Threads From End To End Might Be Eminently Valuable, But Not As A Tribute To Peace And Conciliation.

The Mills Of God Grind Slowly.

There Is No Evidence To Support The Belief That Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev Ever Questioned Americas Power. He Questioned Only The President's John F. Kennedys Readiness To Use It. Elie Abel, The Missile Crisis (1966) Power Tends To Corrupt And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely.

We Are Not Sure We Are Right Until We Have Made The Best Case Possible For Those Who Are Wrong.

When The Last Of The Reformers Died, Religion, Instead Of Emancipating The Nations, Had Become An Excuse For The Criminal Art Of Despots. Calvin Preached, And Bellarmine Lectured; But Machiavelli Reigned.

No Public Character Has Ever Stood The Revelation Of Private Utterance And Correspondence.

Power Tends To Corrupt, And Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely.

Liberty Is Not A Means To A Higher Political End. It Is Itself The Highest Political End.

The Form Of Government And The Condition Of Society Must Always Correspond. Social Equality Is Therefore A Postulate Of Pure Democracy.

Fanaticism Displays Itself In The Masses; But The Masses Were Rarely Fanaticised; And The Crimes Ascribed To It Were Commonly Due To The Calculations Of Dispassionate Politicians.

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