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The Athenians Regularly Maintained A Number Of Degraded And Useless Beings At The Public Expense; And When Any Calamity, Such As Plague, Drought, Or Famine, Befell The City, They Sacrificed Two Of These Outcast Scapegoats.

-James G. Frazer

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The Athenians Regularly Maintained

James G. Frazer

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The Athenians Regularly Maintained A Number Of Degraded And Useless Beings At The Public Expense; And When Any Calamity, Such As Plague, Drought, Or Famine, Befell The City, They Sacrificed Two Of These Outcast Scapegoats.

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Dwellers By The Sea Cannot Fail To Be Impressed By The Sight Of Its Ceaseless Ebb And Flow, And Are Apt, On The Principles Of That Rude Philosophy Of Sympathy And Resemblance... To Trace A Subtle Relation, A Secret Harmony, Between Its Tides And The Life Of Man... The Belief That Most Deaths Happen At Ebb Tide Is Said To Be Held Along The East Coast Of England From Northumberland To Kent.

Hence The Strong Attraction Which Magic And Science Alike Have Exercised On The Human Mind; Hence The Powerful Stimulus That Both Have Given To The Pursuit Of Knowledge. They Lure The Weary Enquirer, The Footsore Seeker, On Through The Wilderness Of Disappointment In The Present By Their Endless Promises Of The Future: They Take Him Up To The Top Of An Exceeding High Mountain And Show Him, Beyond The Dark Clouds And Rolling Mists At His Feet, A Vision Of The Celestial City, Far Off, It May Be, But Radiant With Unearthly Splendour, Bathed In The Light Of Dreams.

The Advance Of Knowledge Is An Infinite Progression Towards A Goal That Ever Recedes.

This Doctrine Of Transmigration Or Reincarnation Of The Soul Is Found Among Many Tribes Of Savages

If The Test Of Truth Lay In A Show Of Hands Or A Counting Of Heads, The System Of Magic Might Appeal, With Far More Reason Than The Catholic Church, To The Proud Motto, 'quod Semper, Quod Ubique, Quod Ab Omnibus' [always, Everywhere, And By All], As The Sure And Certain Credential Of Its Own Infallibility.

In Primitive Society, Where Uniformity Of Occupation Is The Rule, And The Distribution Of The Community Into Various Classes Of Workers Has Hardly Begun, Every Man Is More Or Less His Own Magician; He Practices Charms And Incantations For His Own Good And The Injury Of His Enemies.

It Is A Common Rule With Primitive People Not To Waken A Sleeper, Because His Soul Is Away And Might Not Have Time To Get Back.

The Old Notion That The Savage Is The Freest Of Mankind Is The Reverse Of The Truth. He Is A Slave, Not Indeed To A Visible Master, But To The Past, To The Spirits Of His Dead Forefathers, Who Haunt His Steps From Birth To Death, And Rule Him With A Rod Of Iron.

For Extending Its Sway, Partly By Force Of Arms, Partly By The Voluntary Submission Of Weaker Tribes, The Community Soon Acquires Wealth And Slaves, Both Of Which, By Relieving Some Classes From The Perpetual Struggle For A Bare Subsistence, Afford Them An Opportunity Of Devoting Themselves To That Disinterested Pursuit Of Knowledge Which Is The Noblest And Most Powerful Instrument To Ameliorate The Lot Of Man.

Some Of The Old Laws Of Israel Are Clearly Savage Taboos Of A Familiar Type Thinly Disguised As Commands Of The Deity.

By Religion, Then, I Understand A Propitiation Or Conciliation Of Powers Superior To Man Which Are Believed To Direct And Control The Course Of Nature And Of Human Life.

Small Minds Cannot Grasp Great Ideas; To Their Narrow Comprehension, Their Purblind Vision, Nothing Seems Really Great And Important But Themselves.

The Temple Of The Sylvan Goddess, Indeed, Has Vanished, And The King Of The Wood No Longer Stands Sentinel Over The Golden Bough.

The Question Whether Our Conscious Personality Survives After Death Has Been Answered By Almost All Races Of Men In The Affirmative.

Even The Recognition Of An Individual Whom We See Every Day Is Only Possible As The Result Of An Abstract Idea Of Him Formed By Generalization From His Appearances In The Past.

The Awe And Dread With Which The Untutored Savage Contemplates His Mother-in-law Are Amongst The Most Familiar Facts Of Anthropology.

The Custom Of Burning A Beneficent God Is Too Foreign To Later Modes Of Thought To Escape Misinterpretation.

Misinterpretation

The Consideration Of Human Suffering Is Not One Which Enters Into The Calculations Of Primitive Man.

The Moral World Is As Little Exempt As The Physical World From The Law Of Ceaseless Change, Of Perpetual Flux.

Yet It Would Be Unfair To The Generality Of Our Kind To Ascribe To Their Intellectual And Moral Weakness The Gradual Divergence Of Buddhism And Christianity From Their Primitive Patterns. For It Should Not Be Forgotten That By Their Glorification Of Poverty And Celibacy Both These Religions Struck Straight At The Root Not Merely Of Civil Society But Of Human Existence. The Blow Was Parried By The Wisdom Or The Folly Of The Vast Majority Of Mankind, Who Refused To Purchase A Chance Of Saving Their Souls With The Certainty Of Extinguishing The Species.

With The Advance Of Knowledge, Therefore, Prayer And Sacrifice Assume The Leading Place In Religious Ritual; And Magic; Which Once Ranked With Them As A Legitimate Equal, Is Gradually Relegated To The Background And Sinks To The Level Of A Black Art.

In Point Of Fact Magicians Appear To Have Often Developed Into Chiefs And Kings.

Yet Perhaps No Sacrifice Is Wholly Useless Which Proves There Are Men Who Prefer Honour To Life.

But Once A Fool Always A Fool, And The Greater The Power In His Hands The More Disastrous Is Likely To Be The Use He Makes Of It. The Heaviest Calamity In English History, The Breach With America, Might Never Have Occurred If George The Third Had Not Been An Honest Dullard.

English History

The Second Principle Of Magic: Things Which Have Once Been In Contact With Each Other Continue To Act On Each Other At A Distance After The Physical Contact Has Been Severed.

The Slow, The Never Ending Approach To Truth Consists In Perpetually Forming And Testing Hypotheses, Accepting Those At Which At The Time Seem To Fit The Facts And Rejecting The Others.

The World Cannot Live At The Level Of Its Great Men.

The Natives Of British Columbia Live Largely Upon The Fish Which Abound In Their Seas And Rivers. If The Fish Do Not Come In Due Season, And The Indians Are Hungry, A Nootka Wizard Will Make An Image Of A Swimming Fish And Put It Into The Water In The Direction From Which The Fish Generally Appear. This Ceremony, Accompanied By A Prayer To The Fish To Come, Will Cause Them To Arrive At Once.

Indeed The Influence Of Music On The Development Of Religion Is A Subject Which Would Repay A Sympathetic Study.

The Scapegoat Upon Whom The Sins Of The People Are Periodically Laid, May Also Be A Human Being.

From The Earliest Times Man Has Been Engaged In A Search For General Rules Whereby To Turn The Order Of Natural Phenomena To His Own Advantage, And In The Long Search He Has Scraped Together A Great Hoard Of Such Maxims, Some Of Them Golden And Some Of Them Mere Dross. The True Or Golden Rules Constitute The Body Of Applied Science Which We Call The Arts; The False Are Magic.

I Am A Plain Practical Man, Not One Of Your Theorists And Splitters Of Hairs And Choppers Of Logic.

For There Are Strong Grounds For Thinking That, In The Evolution Of Thought, Magic Has Preceded Religion.

In Course Of Time The Slow Advance Of Knowledge, Which Has Dispelled So Many Cherished Illusions, Convinced At Least The More Thoughtful Portion Of Mankind That The Alterations Of Summer And Winter, Of Spring And Autumn, Were Not Merely The Result Of Their Own Magical Rites, But That Some Deeper Cause, Some Mightier Power, Was At Work Behind The Shifting Scenes Of Nature.

The Abundance, The Solidity, And The Splendor Of The Results Already Achieved By Science Are Well Fitted To Inspire Us With A Cheerful Confidence In The Soundness Of Its Method.

Man Has Created Gods In His Own Likeness And Being Himself Mortal He Has Naturally Supposed His Creatures To Be In The Same Sad Predicament.

The Man Of Science, Like The Man Of Letters, Is Too Apt To View Mankind Only In The Abstract, Selecting In His Consideration Only A Single Side Of Our Complex And Many-sided Being.

If Mankind Had Always Been Logical And Wise, History Would Not Be A Long Chronicle Of Folly And Crime.

The Athenians Regularly Maintained A Number Of Degraded And Useless Beings At The Public Expense; And When Any Calamity, Such As Plague, Drought, Or Famine, Befell The City, They Sacrificed Two Of These Outcast Scapegoats.

For When A Nation Becomes Civilized, If It Does Not Drop Human Sacrifices Altogether, It At Least Selects As Victims Only Such Wretches As Would Be Put To Death At Any Rate. Thus The Killing Of A God May Sometimes Come To Be Confounded With The Execution Of A Criminal.

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