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Now This Principle Of Induction Cannot Be A Purely Logical Truth Like A Tautology Or An Analytic Statement. . . .
-Karl Popper
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Now This Principle Of

Karl Popper
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Now This Principle Of Induction Cannot Be A Purely Logical Truth Like A Tautology Or An Analytic Statement. . . .

Understanding the Quote: "now this principle of induction cannot be a purely logical truth like..."

This quote by Karl Popper reflects deeply on the theme of truth. It connects to the universal human journey of purpose, motivation, and reflection. Often categorized under Truth, Principles, Logical, the quote offers insight, emotional clarity, and intellectual inspiration to readers worldwide.

Whether you’re a student exploring new ideas, a leader trying to motivate your team, or someone seeking direction in life — this quote provides value. It resonates because it’s more than words — it’s a bridge between experience and wisdom. It shows how Karl Popper interprets life's core challenges and triumphs.

Lessons From the Quote

This quote teaches resilience and focus. It reminds readers that no matter where they stand in life, reflection and self-awareness lead to growth. Each word has meaning, and when studied, it becomes clear how impactful thoughtful language can be.

About Karl Popper

Karl Popper is celebrated for insightful thoughts on truth and principles. Their legacy lives on through writings that guide, comfort, and inspire. Discover more on their profile page.

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Closing Thoughts

Quotes like this endure because they capture universal truths. They comfort us in solitude and empower us in groups. Carry this quote forward — live by its wisdom, share its message, and keep its essence alive.

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Truth
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Logical
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The Future Is Always Present, As A Promise, A Lure And A Temptation.
Temptation
Promise
Lure
All Life Is Problem Solving
Inspiring
Inspire
Problem
We Have The Right Not To Tolerate The Intolerant. We Should Tolerate Even Them Whenever We Can Do So Without Running A Great Risk; But The Risk May Become So Great That We Cannot Allow Ourselves The Luxury.
Running
Luxury
Risk
Optimism Is A Duty. The Future Is Open. It Is Not Predetermined. No One Can Predict It, Except By Chance. We All Contribute To Determining It By What We Do. We Are All Equally Responsible For Its Success.
Optimism
Chance
Responsible
The True Enlightenment Thinker, The True Rationalist, Never Wants To Talk Anyone Into Anything. No, He Does Not Even Want To Convince; All The Time He Is Aware That He May Be Wrong. Above All, He Values The Intellectual Independence Of Others Too Highly To Want To Convince Them In Important Matters. He Would Much Rather Invite Contradiction, Preferably In The Form Of Rational And Disciplined Criticism. He Seeks Not To Convince But To Arouse - To Challenge Others To Form Free Opinions.
Free Opinion
Challenges
Intellectual
It Is The Rule Which Says That The Other Rules Of Scientific Procedure Must Be Designed In Such A Way That They Do Not Protect Any Statement In Science Against Falsification.
Science
Scientific Method
Way
There Is No Pure, Disinterested, Theory-free Observation.
Theory
Observation
Pure
Some Scientists Find, Or So It Seems, That They Get Their Best Ideas When Smoking; Others By Drinking Coffee Or Whisky. Thus There Is No Reason Why I Should Not Admit That Some May Get Their Ideas By Observing, Or By Repeating Observations.
Drinking
Coffee
Science
The Difference Between The Amoeba And Einstein Is That, Although Both Make Use Of The Method Of Trial And Error Elimination, The Amoeba Dislikes Erring While Einstein Is Intrigued By It.
Science
Errors
Differences
It Can't Happen Here Is Always Wrong: A Dictatorship Can Happen Anywhere.
Dictatorship
Always Wrong
Happens
Every Discovery Contains An Irrational Element Or A Creative Intuition.
Discovery
Creative
Intuition
A Theory That Explains Everything, Explains Nothing
Theory
Philosophers Should Consider The Fact That The Greatest Happiness Principle Can Easily Be Made An Excuse For A Benevolent Dictatorship. We Should Replace It By A More Modest And More Realistic Principle - The Principle That The Fight Against Avoidable Misery Should Be A Recognized Aim Of Public Policy, While The Increase Of Happiness Should Be Left, In The Main, To Private Initiative.
Happiness
Fighting
Inner Peace
Propose Theories Which Can Be Criticized. Think About Possible Decisive Falsifying Experiments-crucial Experiments. But Do Not Give Up Your Theories Too Easily-not, At Any Rate, Before You Have Critically Examined Your Criticism.
Giving Up
Science
Thinking
. . . It Seems To Me Certain That More People Are Killed Out Of Righteous Stupidity Than Out Of Wickedness.
People
Stupidity
Wickedness
Science May Be Described As The Art Of Systematic Over-simplification.
Funny
Art
Crazy
We Have Become Makers Of Our Fate When We Have Ceased To Pose As Its Prophets.
Fate
Prophet
Makers
The Attempt To Make Heaven On Earth Invariably Produces Hell.
Heaven
Earth
Hell
The Scientific Tradition Is Distinguished From The Pre-scientific Tradition By Having Two Layers. Like The Latter, It Passes On Its Theories; But It Also Passes On A Critical Attitude Towards Them.
Attitude
Science
Two
Science Is The Century-old Endeavour To Bring Together By Means Of Systematic Thought The Perceptible Phenomena Of This World Into As Thorough-going An Association As Possible. To Put It Boldly, It Is The Attempt At A Posterior Reconstruction Of Existence By The Process Of Conceptualization. Science Can Only Ascertain What Is, But Not What Should Be, And Outside Of Its Domain Value Judgements Of All Kinds Remain Necessary.
Mean
Science
Judgement
We Hate The Very Idea That Our Own Ideas May Be Mistaken, So We Cling Dogmatically To Our Conjectures.
Hate
Ideas
May
If We Are Not Prepared To Defend A Tolerant Society Against The Onslaught Of The Intolerant, Then The Tolerant Will Be Destroyed, And Tolerance With Them.
Tolerance
Tolerate
Prepared
The Fundamental Thing About Human Languages Is That They Can And Should Be Used To Describe Something; And This Something Is, Somehow, The World. To Be Constantly And Almost Exclusively Interested In The Medium - In Spectacle-cleaning - Is A Result Of A Philosophical Mistake.
Mistake
Philosophical
Fundamentals
It Is Wrong To Ask Who Will Rule. The Ability To Vote A Bad Government Out Of Office Is Enough. That Is Democracy.
Freedom
Government
Office
Definitions.... Are Never Really Needed, And Rarely Of Any Use
Use
Definitions
Needed
Psychologism Is, I Believe, Correct Only In So Far As It Insists Upon What May Be Called 'methodological Individualism' As Opposed To 'methodological Collectivism'; It Rightly Insists That The 'behaviour' And The 'actions' Of Collectives, Such As States Or Social Groups, Must Be Reduced To The Behaviour And To The Actions Of Human Individuals. But The Belief That The Choice Of Such An Individualist Method Implies The Choice Of A Psychological Method Is Mistaken.
Mistake
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The Open Society Is One In Which Men Have Learned To Be To Some Extent Critical Of Taboos, And To Base Decisions On The Authority Of Their Own Intelligence.
Men
Decision
Authority
I See Now More Clearly Than Ever Before That Even Our Greatest Troubles Spring From Something That Is [as] Admirable And Sound As It Is Dangerous – From Our Impatience To Better The Lot Of Our Fellows.
Spring
Trouble
Impatience
Science Is Perhaps The Only Human Activity In Which Errors Are Systematically Criticized And, In Time, Corrected.
Science
Errors
Humans
My Thesis Is That What We Call 'science' Is Differentiated From The Older Myths Not By Being Something Distinct From A Myth, But By Being Accompanied By A Second-order Tradition-that Of Critically Discussing The Myth. ... In A Certain Sense, Science Is Myth-making Just As Religion Is.
Order
Criticism
Tradition
The Growth Of Knowledge Depends Entirely Upon Disagreement.
Growth
Depends
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Our Aim As Scientists Is Objective Truth; More Truth, More Interesting Truth, More Intelligible Truth. We Cannot Reasonably Aim At Certainty. Once We Realize That Human Knowledge Is Fallible, We Realize Also That We Can Never Be Completely Certain That We Have Not Made A Mistake.
Mistake
Interesting
Objective Truth
It Is A Myth That The Success Of Science In Our Time Is Mainly Due To The Huge Amounts Of Money That Have Been Spent On Big Machines. What Really Makes Science Grow Is New Ideas, Including False Ideas.
Science
Ideas
Growth
It Is Complete Nihilism To Propose Laying Down Arms In A World Where Atom Bombs Are Around. It Is Very Simple: There Is No Way Of Achieving Peace Other Than With Weapons.
Simple
Nihilism
Atoms
I Have Insisted That We Must Be Tolerant. But I Also Believe That This Tolerance Has Its Limits. We Must Not Trust Those Anti-humanitarian Religions Which Not Only Preach Destruction But Act Accordingly. For If We Tolerate Them, Then We Become Ourselves Responsible For For Their Deeds.
Believe
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Deeds
Science Is Not A System Of Certain, Or -established, Statements; Nor Is It A System Which Steadily Advances Towards A State Of Finality... And Our Guesses Are Guided By The Unscientific, The Metaphysical (though Biologically Explicable) Faith In Laws, In Regularities Which We Can Uncover-discover. Like Bacon, We Might Describe Our Own Contemporary Science-'the Method Of Reasoning Which Men Now Ordinarily Apply To Nature'-as Consisting Of 'anticipations, Rash And Premature' And As 'prejudices'.
Nature
Science
Men
To Give A Causal Explanation Of An Event Means To Deduce A Statement Which Describes It, Using As Premises Of The Deduction One Or More Universal Laws, Together With Certain Singular Statements, The Initial Conditions ... We Have Thus Two Different Kinds Of Statement, Both Of Which Are Necessary Ingredients Of A Complete Causal Explanation.
Mean
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We Should Realize That, If [socrates] Demanded That The Wisest Men Should Rule, He Clearly Stressed That He Did Not Mean The Learned Men; In Fact, He Was Skeptical Of All Professional Learnedness, Whether It Was That Of The Philosophers Or Of The Learned Men Of His Own Generation, The Sophists. The Wisdom He Meant Was Of A Different Kind. It Was Simply The Realization: How Little Do I Know! Those Who Did Not Know This, He Taught, Knew Nothing At All. This Is The True Scientific Spirit.
Mean
Men
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In So Far As A Scientific Statement Speaks About Reality, It Must Be Falsifiable; And In So Far As It Is Not Falsifiable, It Does Not Speak About Reality.
Reality
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Rationalism Is An Attitude Of Readiness To Listen To Contrary Arguments And To Learn From Experience... Of Admitting That "i May Be Wrong And You May Be Right And, By An Effort, We May Get Nearer The Truth."
Attitude
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It Is Not His Possession Of Knowledge, Of Irrefutable Truth, That Makes The Man Of Science, But His Persistent And Recklessly Critical Quest For Truth.
Knowledge
Science
Men
Ignorance Is Not A Simple Lack Of Knowledge But An Active Aversion To Knowledge, The Refusal To Know, Issuing From Cowardice, Pride, Or Laziness Of Mind.
Ignorance
Pride
Simple
Simple Statements Are To Be Prized More Highly Than Less Simple Ones Because They Tell Us More; Because Their Empirical Content Is Greater; And Because They Are Better Testable.
Simple
Greater
Statements
Science Does Not Rest Upon Solid Bedrock. The Bold Structure Of Its Theories Rises, As It Were, Above A Swamp. It Is Like A Building Erected On Piles. The Piles Are Driven Down From Above Into The Swamp, But Not Down To Any Natural Or 'given' Base; And If We Stop Driving The Piles Deeper, It Is Not Because We Have Reached Firm Ground. We Simply Stop When We Are Satisfied That The Piles Are Firm Enough To Carry The Structure, At Least For The Time Being.
Science
Doe
Swamps
Philosophy Is A Necessary Activity Because We, All Of Us, Take A Great Number Of Things For Granted, And Many Of These Assumptions Are Of A Philosophical Character; We Act On Them In Private Life, In Politics, In Our Work, And In Every Other Sphere Of Our Lives -- But While Some Of These Assumptions Are No Doubt True, It Is Likely, That More Are False And Some Are Harmful. So The Critical Examination Of Our Presuppositions -- Which Is A Philosophical Activity -- Is Morally As Well As Intellectually Important.
Philosophy
Philosophical
Character
All Things Living Are In Search Of A Better World .
World
All Things
[to] Interpret Parmenides As A Kant Before Kant ... This Is Exactly What We Must Do.
True Ignorance Is Not The Absence Of Knowledge, But The Refusal To Acquire It.
Ignorance
Paradise On Earth
Absence
Almost Everyone... Seems To Be Quite Sure That The Differences Between The Methodologies Of History And Of The Natural Sciences Are Vast. For, We Are Assured, It Is Well Known That In The Natural Sciences We Start From Observation And Proceed By Induction To Theory. And Is It Not Obvious That In History We Proceed Very Differently? Yes, I Agree That We Proceed Very Differently. But We Do So In The Natural Sciences As Well.
Science
Differences
Well Known
The Conspiracy Theory Of Society... Comes From Abandoning God And Then Asking: "who Is In His Place"
Asking
Conspiracy
Theory
The Moral Decisions Of Others Should Be Treated With Respect, As Long As Such Decisions Do Not Conflict With The Principle Of Tolerance.
Long
Decision
Tolerance
Good Tests Kill Flawed Theories; We Remain Alive To Guess Again.
Science
Technology
Alive
There Is No History Of Mankind, There Are Only Many Histories Of All Kinds Of Aspects Of Human Life. And One Of These Is The History Of Political Power. This Is Elevated Into The History Of The World.
Political
World
Kind
Genuine Philosophical Problems Are Always Rooted Outside Philosophy And They Die If These Roots Decay.
Philosophy
Philosophical
Roots
A Rationalist Is Simply Someone For Whom It Is More Important To Learn Than To Be Proved Right; Someone Who Is Willing To Learn From Others - Not By Simply Taking Over Another's Opinions, But By Gladly Allowing Others To Criticize His Ideas And By Gladly Criticizing The Ideas Of Others
Ideas
Important
Opinion
If We Are Uncritical We Shall Always Find What We Want: We Shall Look For, And Find, Confirmations, And We Shall Look Away From, And Not See, Whatever Might Be Dangerous To Our Pet Theories. In This Way It Is Only Too Easy To Obtain What Appears To Be Overwhelming Evidence In Favor Of A Theory Which, If Approached Critically, Would Have Been Refuted.
Pet
Looks
Favors
If You Can't Say It Simply And Clearly, Keep Quiet, And Keep Working On It Till You Can.
Quiet
Ifs
If You Know That Things Are Bound To Happen Whatever You Do, Then You May Feel Free To Give Up The Fight Against Them.
Giving Up
Fighting
May
I Personally Call The Type Of Government Which Can Be Removed Without Violence 'democracy,' And The Other, 'tyranny.'.
Freedom
Government
Democracy
The Game Of Science Is, In Principle, Without End. He Who Decides One Day That Scientific Statements Do Not Call For Any Further Test, And That They Can Be Regarded As Finally Verified, Retires From The Game.
Games
One Day
Principles
I Have Spoken To Einstein And He Admitted To Me That His Theory Was In Fact No Different From The One Of Parmenides.
Different
Facts
Theory
If We Wish Our Civilization To Survive We Must Break With The Habit Of Deference To Great Men.
Men
Civilization
Wish
Evolution Is Not A Fact. Evolution Doesn't Even Qualify As A Theory Or As A Hypothesis. It Is A Metaphysical Research Program, And It Is Not Really Testable Science.
Research
Facts
Evolution
Plato Felt That A Complete Reconstruction Of Society's Political Program Was Needed.
Plato
Political
Program
Science Must Begin With Myths, And With The Criticism Of Myths.
Criticism
Myth
I Remained A Socialist For Several Years, Even After My Rejection Of Marxism; And If There Could Be Such A Thing As Socialism Combined With Individual Liberty, I Would Be A Socialist Still. For Nothing Could Be Better Than Living A Modest, Simple, And Free Life In An Egalitarian Society.
Beautiful
Dream
Simple
A System Such As Classical Mechanics May Be 'scientific' To Any Degree You Like; But Those Who Uphold It Dogmatically - Believing, Perhaps, That It Is Their Business To Defend Such A Successful System Against Criticism As Long As It Is Not Conclusively Disproved - Are Adopting The Very Reverse Of That Critical Attitude Which In My View Is The Proper One For The Scientist.
Attitude
Believe
Successful
Our Aim Must Be To Make Our Successive Mistakes As Quickly As Possible. To Speed Up Evolution.
Mistake
Evolution
Speed
With Regards To Political Enemies Plato Had A Kill-and-banish Principle. ... In Interpreting It , Modern-day Platonists Are Clearly Disturbed By It, Even As They Make Elaborate Attempts To Defend Plato.
Plato
Political
Enemy
It Is Not Possible To Write Clearly Enough To Avoid Being Misrepresented By People Who Are Sufficiently Determined To Do So.
Writing
People
Determined
Every Intellectual Has A Very Special Responsibility. He Has The Privilege And The Opportunity Of Studying. In Return, He Owes It To His Fellow Men (or 'to Society') To Represent The Results Of His Study As Simply, Clearly And Modestly As He Can. The Worst Thing That Intellectuals Can Do - The Cardinal Sin - Is To Try To Set Themselves Up As Great Prophets Vis-à-vis Their Fellow Men And To Impress Them With Puzzling Philosophies. Anyone Who Cannot Speak Simply And Clearly Should Say Nothing And Continue To Work Until He Can Do So.
Philosophy
Responsibility
Opportunity
A Theory Which Is Not Refutable By Any Conceivable Event Is Non-scientific. Irrefutability Is Not A Virtue Of A Theory (as People Often Think) But A Vice.
Thinking
People
Vices
A Theory Is Just A Mathematical Model To Describe The Observations.
Religion
Atheism
Theory
Contrary To The Outstanding Work Of Art, Outstanding Theory Is Susceptible To Improvements.
Art
Improvement
Theory
Our Knowledge Can Only Be Finite, While Our Ignorance Must Necessarily Be Infinite.
Learning
Ignorance
Knowledge
Every Solution Of A Problem Raises New Unsolved Problems.
Obstacles
Problem
Raises
There Is An Almost Universal Tendency, Perhaps An Inborn Tendency, To Suspect The Good Faith Of A Man Who Holds Opinions That Differ From Our Own Opinions. It Obviously Endangers The Freedom And The Objectivity Of Our Discussion If We Attack A Person Instead Of Attacking An Opinion Or, More Precisely, A Theory.
Men
Objectivity
Society
Astrologers Were Greatly Impressed, And Misled, By What They Believed To Be Confirming Evidence-so Much So That They Were Quite Unimpressed By Any Unfavorable Evidence. Moreover, By Making Their Interpretations And Prophecies Sufficiently Vague They Were Able To Explain Away Anything That Might Have Been A Refutation Of The Theory Had The Theory And The Prophecies Been More Precise. In Order To Escape Falsification They Destroyed The Testability Of Their Theory. It Is A Typical Soothsayer's Trick To Predict Things So Vaguely That The Predictions Can Hardly Fail: That They Become Irrefutable.
Order
Typical
Might
No Particular Theory May Ever Be Regarded As Absolutely Certain.... No Scientific Theory Is Sacrosanct.
May
Theory
Certain
You Cannot Have A Rational Discussion With A Man Who Prefers Shooting You To Being Convinced By You.
Men
Shooting
Rational
The Question Is Not How To Get Good People To Rule; The Question Is: How To Stop The Powerful From Doing As Much Damage As They Can To Us.
Powerful
People
Good People
It Is Wrong To Think That Belief In Freedom Always Leads To Victory; We Must Always Be Prepared For It To Lead To Defeat. If We Choose Freedom, Then We Must Be Prepared To Perish Along With It.
Freedom
Thinking
Victory
I Have Come To The Conclusion That Darwinism Is Not A Testable Scientific Theory, But A Metaphysical Research Programme.
Research
Evolution
Metaphysical
Those Who Promise Us Paradise On Earth Never Produced Anything But A Hell.
Paradise On Earth
Keeping Promises
Kept Promises
Appealing To His [einstein's] Way Of Expressing Himself In Theological Terms, I Said: If God Had Wanted To Put Everything Into The Universe From The Beginning, He Would Have Created A Universe Without Change, Without Organisms And Evolution, And Without Man And Man's Experience Of Change. But He Seems To Have Thought That A Live Universe With Events Unexpected Even By Himself Would Be More Interesting Than A Dead One.
Men
Interesting
Events
In My View, Aiming At Simplicity And Lucidity Is A Moral Duty Of All Intellectuals: Lack Of Clarity Is A Sin, And Pretentiousness Is A Crime.
Views
Simplicity
Moral
I Do Not Overlook The Fact That There Are Irrationalists Who Love Mankind, And That Not All Forms Of Irrationalism Engender Criminality. But I Hold That He Who Teaches That Not Reason But Love Should Rule Opens Up The Way For Those Who Rule By Hate. (socrates, I Believe, Saw Something Of This When He Suggested That Mistrust Or Hatred Of Argument Is Related To Mistrust Or Hatred Of Man).
Hate
Believe
Men
There Will Be Well-testable Theories, Hardly Testable Theories, And Non-testable Theories. Those Which Are Non-testable Are Of No Interest To Empirical Scientists. They May Be Described As Metaphysical.
May
Scientist
Metaphysical
We Know A Great Deal, But Our Ignorance Is Sobering And Boundless. With Each Step Forward, With Each Problem Which We Solve, We Not Only Discover New And Unsolved Problems, But We Also Discover That Where We Believed That We Were Standing On Firm And Safe Ground, All Things Are, In Truth, Insecure And In A State Of Flux.
Ignorance
Insecure
Safe
I Have Learned More From Hayek Than From Any Other Living Thinker, Except Perhaps Alfred Tarski - But Not Even Excepting Russell.
Hayek
I Have Learned
Thinker
No Matter How Many Instances Of White Swans We May Have Observed, This Does Not Justify The Conclusion That All Swans Are White.
Swans
White
Doe
Aestheticism And Radicalism Must Lead Us To Jettison Reason, And To Replace It By A Desperate Hope For Political Miracles. This Irrational Attitude Which Springs From Intoxication With Dreams Of A Beautiful World Is What I Call Romanticism. It May Seek Its Heavenly City In The Past Or In The Future; It May Preach 'back To Nature' Or 'forward To A World Of Love And Beauty'; But Its Appeal Is Always To Our Emotions Rather Than To Reason. Even With The Best Intentions Of Making Heaven On Earth It Only Succeeds In Making It A Hell - That Hell Which Man Alone Prepares For His Fellow-men.
Beautiful
Dream
Attitude
We All Remember How Many Religious Wars Were Fought For A Religion Of Love And Gentleness; How Many Bodies Were Burned Alive With The Genuinely Kind Intention Of Saving Souls From The Eternal Fire Of Hell.
Love
Religious
War
The History Of Science, Like The History Of All Human Ideas, Is A History Of Irresponsible Dreams, Of Obstinacy, And Of Error.
Inspirational
Dream
Errors
Now This Principle Of Induction Cannot Be A Purely Logical Truth Like A Tautology Or An Analytic Statement. . . .
Truth
Principles
Logical
Piecemeal Social Engineering Resembles Physical Engineering In Regarding The Ends As Beyond The Province Of Technology.
Technology
Engineering
Social
The Quest For Precision Is Analogous To The Quest For Certainty And Both - Precision And Certainty Are Impossible To Attain.
Quests
Impossible
Precision
No Book Can Ever Be Finished. While Working On It We Learn Just Enough To Find It Immature The Moment We Turn Away From It
Inspirational
Letting Go
Book
A Rationalist, As I Use The Word, Is A Man Who Attempts To Reach Decisions By Argument And Perhaps, In Certain Cases, By Compromise, Rather Than By Violence. He Is A Man Who Would Rather Be Unsuccessful In Convincing Another Man By Argument Than Successful In Crushing Him By Force, By Intimidation And Threats, Or Even By Persuasive Propaganda.
Crush
Successful
Men
Why Do I Think That We, The Intellectuals, Are Able To Help? Simply Because We, The Intellectuals, Have Done The Most Terrible Harm For Thousands Of Years. Mass Murder In The Name Of An Idea, A Doctrine, A Theory, A Religion - That Is All "our" Doing, "our" Invention: The Invention Of The Intellectuals. If Only We Would Stop Setting Man Against Man - Often With The Best Intentions - Much Would Be Gained. Nobody Can Say That It Is Impossible For Us To Stop Doing This.
Men
Thinking
Ideas
In Point Of Fact, No Conclusive Disproof Of A Theory Can Ever Be Produced; For It Is Always Possible To Say That The Experimental Results Are Not Reliable Or That The Discrepancies Which Are Asserted To Exist Between The Experimental Results And The Theory Are Only Apparent And That They Will Disappear With The Advance Of Our Understanding. If You Insist On Strict Proof (or Strict Disproof) In The Empirical Sciences, You Will Never Benefit From Experience, And Never Learn From It How Wrong You Are.
Science
Understanding
Benefits
It Is Wrong And Dangerous To Extol Freedom By Telling People That They Will Certainly Be All Right Once They Are Free. The Most We Can Say Of Democracy Or Freedom Is That They Give Our Personal Abilities A Little More Influence On Our Well-being.
People
Giving
Democracy
The More We Learn About The World, And The Deeper Our Learning, The More Conscious, Specific, And Articulate Will Be Our Knowledge Of What We Do Not Know, Our Knowledge Of Our Ignorance
Ignorance
Knowledge
World
Better Our Hypotheses Die For Our Errors Than Ourselves.
Errors
Hypothesis
Rationality
Do Not Allow Your Dreams Of A Beautiful World To Lure You Away From The Claims Of Men Who Suffer Here And Now. Our Fellow Men Have A Claim To Our Help; No Generation Must Be Sacrificed For The Sake Of Future Generations.
Beautiful
Dream
Men
We Do Not Know Anything - This Is The First. Therefore, We Should Be Very Modest - This Is The Second. Not To Claim That We Do Know When We Do Not - This Is The Third. That's The Kind Of Attitude I'd Like To Popularize. There Is Little Hope For Success.
Attitude
Littles
Firsts
The Old Scientific Ideal Of Episteme - Of Absolutely Certain, Demonstrable Knowledge - Has Proved To Be An Idol. The Demand For Scientific Objectivity Makes It Inevitable That Every Scientific Statement Must Remain Tentative For Ever.
Science
Objectivity
Idols
We Never Know What We Are Talking About.
Math
Talking
Mathematical Logic
It Is Part Of My Thesis That All Our Knowledge Grows Only Through The Correcting Of Our Mistakes.
Truth
Mistake
Knowledge
Thus Science Must Begin With Myths, And With The Criticism Of Myths; Neither With The Collection Of Observations, Nor With The Invention Of Experiments, But With The Critical Discussion Of Myths, And Of Magical Techniques And Practices.
Science
Practice
Criticism
[great Scientists] Are Men Of Bold Ideas, But Highly Critical Of Their Own Ideas: They Try To Find Whether Their Ideas Are Right By Trying First To Find Whether They Are Not Perhaps Wrong. They Work With Bold Conjectures And Severe Attempts At Refuting Their Own Conjectures.
Hard Work
Science
Greatness
I Think That We Shall Have To Get Accustomed To The Idea That We Must Not Look Upon Science As A 'body Of Knowledge,' But Rather As A System Of Hypotheses; That Is To Say, As A System Of Guesses Or Anticipations Which In Principle Cannot Be Justified, But With Which We Work As Long As They Stand Up To Tests, And Of Which We Are Never Justified In Saying That We Know They Are 'true' Or 'more Or Less Certain' Or Even 'probable.'
Knowledge
Science
Thinking
Whenever We Propose A Solution To A Problem, We Ought To Try As Hard As We Can To Overthrow Our Solution, Rather Than Defend It.
Trying
Problem
Propose
There Is No History Of Mankind, There Is Only An Indefinite Number Of Histories Of All Kinds Of Aspects Of Human Life.
Numbers
History
Kind
Every Genuine Test Of A Theory Is An Attempt To Falsify It, Or To Refute It.
Tests
Genuine
Theory
It Is Not Intuitive Ease I Am After, But Rather A Point Of View Which Is Sufficiently Definite To Clear Up Some Difficulties, And To Be Criticized In Rational Terms. (bohr's Complementarity Cannot Be So Criticized, I Fear; It Can Only Be Accepted Or Denounced - Perhaps As Being Ad Hoc, Or As Being Irrational, Or As Being Hopelessly Vague.)
Science
Views
Ease
Is The World Ruled By Strict Laws Or Not? This Question I Regard As Metaphysical. The Laws We Find Are Always Hypotheses; Which Means That They May Always Be Superseded, And That They May Possibly Be Deduced From Probability Estimates. Yet Denying Causality Would Be The Same As Attempting To Persuade The Theorist To Give Up His Search; And That Such An Attempt Cannot Be Backed By Anything Like A Proof.
Giving Up
Mean
Science
The Belief In A Political Utopia Is Especially Dangerous. This Is Possibly Connected With The Fact That The Search For A Better World, Like The Investigation Of Our Environment, Is (if I Am Correct) One Of The Oldest And Most Important Of All The Instincts.
Political
Important
Facts
For Myself, I Am Interested In Science And In Philosophy Only Because I Want To Learn Something About The Riddle Of The World In Which We Live, And The Riddle Of Man's Knowledge Of That World. And I Believe That Only A Revival Of Interest In These Riddles Can Save The Sciences And Philosophy From An Obscurantist Faith In The Expert's Special Skill And In His Personal Knowledge And Authority.
Philosophy
Believe
Men
The Method Of Science Depends On Our Attempts To Describe The World With Simple Theories: Theories That Are Complex May Become Untestable, Even If They Happen To Be True. Science May Be Described As The Art Of Systematic Over-simplification-the Art Of Discerning What We May With Advantage Omit.
Art
Science
Simple
I Am Opposed To Looking Upon Logic As A Kind Of Game. ... One Might Think That It Is A Matter Of Choice Or Convention Which Logic One Adopts. I Disagree With This View.
Science
Thinking
Views
Whenever A Theory Appears To You As The Only Possible One, Take This As A Sign That You Have Neither Understood The Theory Nor The Problem Which It Was Intended To Solve.
Libertarian
Problem
Theory
All We Can Do Is Search For The Falsity Content In Our Best Theory.
Science
Theory
Falsity
There Is No History, Only Histories.
History
The Defence Of Democracy Must Consist In Making Anti-democratic Experiences Too Costly For Those Who Try Them; Much More Costly Than A Democratic Compromise
Democracy
Trying
Compromise
It Is Often Asserted That Discussion Is Only Possible Between People Who Have A Common Language And Accept Common Basic Assumptions. I Think That This Is A Mistake. All That Is Needed Is A Readiness To Learn From One's Partner In The Discussion, Which Includes A Genuine Wish To Understand What He Intends To Say. If This Readiness Is There, The Discussion Wrighteous Stupidityill Be The More Fruitful The More The Partner's Backgrounds Differ.
Mistake
Learning
Knowledge
The Influence (for Good Or Ill) Of Plato's Work Is Immeasurable. Western Thought, One Might Say, Has Been Platonic Or Anti-platonic, But Hardly Ever Non-platonic.
Plato
Hard Work
Science
There Can Be No Ultimate Statements Science: There Can Be No Statements In Science Which Can Not Be Tested, And Therefore None Which Cannot In Principle Be Refuted, By Falsifying Some Of The Conclusions Which Can Be Deduced From Them.
Science
Principles
Conclusion
What Really Makes Science Grow Is New Ideas, Including False Ideas.
Ideas
Grows
New Ideas
We Do Not Choose Political Freedom Because It Promises Us This Or That. We Choose It Because It Makes Possible The Only Dignified Form Of Human Coexistence, The Only Form In Which We Can Be Fully Responsible For Ourselves. Whether We Realize Its Possibilities Depends On All Kinds Of Things — And Above All On Ourselves.
Freedom
Political
Promise
It Is Easy To Obtain Confirmations, Or Verifications, For Nearly Every Theory-if We Look For Confirmations. Confirmations Should Count Only If They Are The Result Of Risky Predictions... A Theory Which Is Not Refutable By Any Conceivable Event Is Non-scientific. Irrefutability Is Not A Virtue Of A Theory (as People Often Think) But A Vice. Every Genuine Test Of A Theory Is An Attempt To Falsify It, Or Refute It.
Science
Thinking
People
We Should Therefore Claim, In The Name Of Tolerance, The Right Not To Tolerate The Intolerant.
Names
Tolerance
Claims
The War Of Ideas Is A Greek Invention. It Is One Of The Most Important Inventions Ever Made. Indeed, The Possibility Of Fighting With With Words And Ideas Instead Of Fighting With Swords Is The Very Basis Of Our Civilization, And Especially Of All Its Legal And Parliamentary Institutions.
War
Fighting
Civilization
It Is Clear That Everybody Interested In Science Must Be Interested In World 3 Objects. A Physical Scientist, To Start With, May Be Interested Mainly In World 1 Objects--say Crystals And X-rays. But Very Soon He Must Realize How Much Depends On Our Interpretation Of The Facts, That Is, On Our Theories, And So On World 3 Objects. Similarly, A Historian Of Science, Or A Philosopher Interested In Science Must Be Largely A Student Of World 3 Objects.
Rays
World
May
No Rational Argument Will Have A Rational Effect On A Man Who Does Not Want To Adopt A Rational Attitude.
Attitude
Men
Doe
Understanding A Theory Has, Indeed, Much In Common With Understanding A Human Personality. We May Know Or Understand A Man's System Of Dispositions Pretty Well; That Is To Say, We May Be Able To Predict How He Would Act In A Number Of Different Situations. But Since There Are Infinitely Many Possible Situations, Of Infinite Variety, A Full Understanding Of A Man's Dispositions Does Not Seem To Be Possible.
Science
Men
Numbers
We Are Social Creatures To The Inmost Centre Of Our Being. The Notion That One Can Begin Anything At All From Scratch, Free From The Past, Or Unindebted To Others, Could Not Conceivably Be More Wrong.
Gratitude
Humility
Math
Nature Consists Of Facts And Of Regularities, And Is In Itself Neither Moral Nor Immoral. It Is We Who Impose Our Standards Upon Nature, And Who In This Way Introduce Morals Into The Natural World, In Spite The Fact That We Are Part Of This World. We Are Products Of Nature, But Nature Has Made Us Together With Our Power Of Altering The World, Of Foreseeing And Of Planning For The Future, And Of Making Far-reaching Decisions For Which We Are Morally Responsible. Yet, Responsibility, Decisions, Enter The World Of Nature Only With Us
Responsibility
Decision
Together
Criticism Of My Alleged Views Was Widespread And Highly Successful. I Have Yet To Meet A Criticism Of My Views.
Successful
Criticism
I Don't Know Whether God Exists Or Not. ... Some Forms Of Atheism Are Arrogant And Ignorant And Should Be Rejected, But Agnosticism—to Admit That We Don't Know And To Search—is All Right. ... When I Look At What I Call The Gift Of Life, I Feel A Gratitude Which Is In Tune With Some Religious Ideas Of God. However, The Moment I Even Speak Of It, I Am Embarrassed That I May Do Something Wrong To God In Talking About God.
Gratitude
Religious
Talking
Bold Ideas, Unjustified Anticipations, And Speculative Thought, Are Our Only Means For Interpreting Nature: Our Only Organon, Our Only Instrument, For Grasping Her. And We Must Hazard Them To Win Our Prize. Those Among Us Who Are Unwilling To Expose Their Ideas To The Hazard Of Refutation Do Not Take Part In The Scientific Game.
Mean
Winning
Games
The History Of Science, Like The History Of All Human Ideas, Is A History Of Irresponsible Dreams, Of Obstinacy, And Of Error. But Science Is One Of The Very Few Human Activities-perhaps The Only One-in Which Errors Are Systematically Criticized And Fairly Often, In Time, Corrected. This Is Why We Can Say That, In Science, We Often Learn From Our Mistakes, And Why We Can Speak Clearly And Sensibly About Making Progress There. In Most Other Fields Of Human Endeavour There Is Change, But Rarely Progress ... And In Most Fields We Do Not Even Know How To Evaluate Change.
Dream
Mistake
Learning
Historically Speaking All - Or Very Nearly All - Scientific Theories Originate From Myths.
Theory
Myth
Scientific Theory
I May Be Wrong And You May Be Right, And By An Effort, We May Get Nearer To The Truth
Effort
May
Rationalism
When We Enter A New Situation In Life And Are Confronted By A New Person, We Bring With Us The Prejudices Of The Past And Our Previous Experiences Of People. These Prejudices We Project Upon The New Person. Indeed, Getting To Know A Person Is Largely A Matter Of Withdrawing Projections; Of Dispelling The Smoke Screen Of What We Imagine He Is Like And Replacing It With The Reality Of What He Is Actually Like.
Past
Reality
Situations In Life
No Number Of Sightings Of White Swans Can Prove The Theory That All Swans Are White. The Sighting Of Just One Black One May Disprove It.
Swans
White
Numbers
Instead Of Encouraging The Student To Devote Himself To His Studies For The Sake Of Studying, Instead Of Encouraging In Him A Real Love For His Subject And For Inquiry, He Is Encouraged To Study For The Sake Of His Personal Career; He Is Led To Acquire Only Such Knowledge As Is Serviceable In Getting Him Over The Hurdles Which He Must Clear For The Sake Of His Advancement.
Education
Real
Careers
The Best Thing That Can Happen To A Human Being Us To Find A Problem, To Fall In Love With That Problem, And To Live Trying To Solve That Problem, Unless Another Problem Even More Lovable Appears.
Falling In Love
Trying
Problem
It Must Be Possible For An Empirical System To Be Refuted By Experience.
Experience
Serious Rational Criticism Is So Rare That It Should Be Encouraged. Being Too Ready To Defend Oneself Is More Dangerous Than Being Too Ready To Admit A Mistake.
Mistake
Criticism
Serious
While Differing Widely In The Various Little Bits We Know, In Our Infinite Ignorance We Are All Equal.
Ignorance
Littles
Infinite
The Initial Stage, The Act Of Conceiving Or Inventing A Theory, Seems To Me Neither To Call For Logical Analysis Nor To Be Susceptible Of It.
Science
Analysis
Logical
But Some Of These Theories Are So Bold That They Can Clash With Reality: They Are The Testable Theories Of Science. And When They Clash, Then We Know That There Is A Reality; Something That Can Inform Us That Our Ideas Are Mistaken.
Science
Reality
Ideas
We Do Not Know. We Can Only Guess.
Objectivity
Subjectivity
Knows
A System Is Empirical Or Scientific Only If It Is Capable Of Being Tested By Experience. These Considerations Suggest That Not The Verifiability But The Falsifiability Of A System Is To Be Taken As A Criterion Of Demarcation... It Must Be Possible For An Empirical Or Scientific System To Be Refuted By Experience.
Taken
Atheism
Consideration
It Is Impossible To Speak In Such A Way That You Cannot Be Misunderstood.
Communication
Misunderstood
Way
The Metaphysical Doctrine Of Determinism Simply Asserts That All Events In This World Are Fixed, Or Unalterable, Or Predetermined. It Does Not Assert That They Are Known To Anybody, Or Predictable By Scientific Means. But It Asserts That The Future Is As Little Changeable As Is The Past. Everybody Knows What We Mean When We Say That The Past Cannot Be Changed. It Is In Precisely The Same Sense That The Future Cannot Be Changed, According To Metaphysical Determinism.
Future
Mean
Science
The Growth Of Our Knowledge Is The Result Of A Process Closely Resembling What Darwin Called 'natural Selection'; That Is, The Natural Selection Of Hypotheses: Our Knowledge Consists, At Every Moment, Of Those Hypotheses Which Have Shown Their (comparative) Fitness By Surviving So Far In Their Struggle For Existence, A Competitive Struggle Which Eliminates Those Hypotheses Which Are Unfit.
Struggle
Knowledge
Science
But It Is Certainly Not Possible To Insist On One Hand That The Formalism Is Complete And To Insist On The Other Hand That Its Application To 'the Actual' Actually Demands A Step Which Cannot Be Derived From It.
Science
Hands
Demand
[the Aim Of Science Is] To Explain What So Far Has Taken To Be An Explicans, Such As A Law Of Nature. The Task Of Empirical Science Constantly Renews Itself. We May Go On Forever, Proceeding To Explanations Of A Higher And Higher Universality.
Taken
Science
Law
The Survival Value Of Intelligence Is That It Allows Us To Extinct A Bad Idea, Before The Idea Extincts Us.
Ideas
Survival
Bad Ideas
Our Belief In Any Particular Natural Law Cannot Have A Safer Basis Than Our Unsuccessful Critical Attempts To Refute It.
Law
Belief
Natural
The Genuine Rationalist Does Not Think That He Or Anyone Else Is In Possession Of The Truth; Nor Does He Think That Mere Criticism As Such Helps Us Achieve New Ideas. But He Does Think That, In The Sphere Of Ideas, Only Critical Discussion Can Help Us Sort The Wheat From The Chaff.
Thinking
Ideas
Criticism
I Think That There Is Only One Way To Science - Or To Philosophy, For That Matter: To Meet A Problem, To See Its Beauty And Fall In Love With It; To Get Married To It And To Live With It Happily, Till Death Do Ye Part - Unless You Should Meet Another And Even More Fascinating Problem Or Unless, Indeed, You Should Obtain A Solution. But Even If You Do Obtain A Solution, You May Then Discover, To Your Delight, The Existence Of A Whole Family Of Enchanting, Though Perhaps Difficult, Problem Children, For Whose Welfare You May Work, With A Purpose, To The End Of Your Days.
Falling In Love
Children
Philosophy
The Conspiracy Theory Of Society... [is] A Typical Result Of The Secularization Of A Religious Superstition. The Belief In The Homeric Gods Whose Conspiracies Explain The History Of The Trojan War Is Gone. The Gods Are Abandoned. But Their Place Is Filled By Powerful Men Or Groups - Sinister Pressure Groups Whose Wickedness Is Responsible For All The Evils We Suffer From - Such As The Learned Elders Of Zion, Or The Monopolists, Or The Capitalists, Or The Imperialists.
Religious
Powerful
War
Unlimited Tolerance Must Lead To The Disappearance Of Tolerance. If We Extend Unlimited Tolerance Even To Those Who Are Intolerant, If We Are Not Prepared To Defend A Tolerant Society, Then The Tolerant Will Be Destroyed, And Tolerance With Them. We Should Therefore Claim, In The Name Of Tolerance, The Right Not To Tolerate The Intolerant.
Names
Tolerance
Claims
Man, Some Modern Philosophers Tell Us, Is Alienated From His World: He Is A Stranger And Afraid In A World He Never Made. Perhaps He Is; Yet So Are Animals, And Even Plants. They Too Were Born, Long Ago, Into A Physico-chemical World, A World They Never Made.
Men
Animal
Long Ago
We Must Plan For Freedom, And Not Only For Security, If For No Other Reason Than Only Freedom Can Make Security More Secure.
Freedom
Ethics
Reason
The History Of Science Is Everywhere Speculative. It Is A Marvelous Hiatory. It Makes You Proud To Be A Human Being.
Science
Proud
Humans
Reason Like Science, Grows By Way Of Mutual Criticism; The Only Possible Way Of Planning Its Growth Is To Develop Those Institutions That Safeguard. The Freedom Of Thought
Growth
Criticism
Way
The Only Way To Test A Hypothesis Is To Look For All The Information That Disagrees With It.
Looks
Tests
Information
The Use Of Violence Is Justified Only Under A Tyranny Which Makes Reforms Without Violence Impossible, And Should Have Only One Aim, That Is, To Bring About A State Of Affairs Which Makes Reforms Without Violence Possible.
Should Have
Atheism
Use
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