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New Approaches Are Needed, New Orientations In Both Thought And Action. We Must Make The Transition To A New Civilization...we Are Talking Of A Transition Toward A New Civilization. No One Knows What It Will Be Like. What Is Important Is To Orient In That Direction... I Am Convinced That A New Civilization Will Inevitably Take On Certain Features That Are Characteristic Of, Or Inherent In, The Socialist Ideal.

-Mikhail Gorbachev

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New Approaches Are Needed,

Mikhail Gorbachev

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New Approaches Are Needed, New Orientations In Both Thought And Action. We Must Make The Transition To A New Civilization...we Are Talking Of A Transition Toward A New Civilization. No One Knows What It Will Be Like. What Is Important Is To Orient In That Direction... I Am Convinced That A New Civilization Will Inevitably Take On Certain Features That Are Characteristic Of, Or Inherent In, The Socialist Ideal.

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It Will Not Be Enough To Rely On Experts. Ordinary Citizens Must Become Experts Too. It Will Take Public Opinion On A Wide Scale To Ensure That World Leaders Act.

Communist Ideology In Its Pure Form Is Akin To Christianity. Its Main Ideas Are The Brotherhood Of All Peoples Irrespective Of Their Nationality, Justice And Equality, Peace, And An End To All Hostility Between Peoples.

I Will Never Give Up Politics. I've Tried To Give It Up Three Times, But I Never Made It. Politics Mobilizes Me. I Won't Last Long If I Give It Up.

The Human Race Has Entered A Stage Where We Are All Dependent On Each Other. No Other Country Or Nation Should Be Regarded In Total Separation From Another, Let Alone Pitted Against Another.

I Believe In The Cosmos. All Of Us Are Linked To The Cosmos.

Every Part Of Our Program Of Perestroika - And The Program As A Whole, For That Matter - Is Fully Based On The Principle Of More Socialism And More Democracy.

It Is Really Important To Solve The Problem Of Rational Utilization And Distribution Of Wate Supplies. I Dare Say, The Shortage Of Fresh Water Is The Major Ecological Problem Of This Moment.

We Were Nearly One Of The Last To Realize That In The Age Of Information Science The Most Expensive Asset Is Knowledge.

With Yeltsin, The Soviet Union Broke Apart, The Country Was Totally Mismanaged, The Constitution Was Not Respected By The Regions Of Russia. The Army, Education And Health Systems Collapsed. People In The West Quietly Applauded, Dancing With And Around Yeltsin. I Conclude Therefore That We Should Not Pay Too Much Attention To What The West Is Saying.

The Market Is Not An Invention Of Capitalism. It Has Existed For Centuries. It Is An Invention Of Civilization.

In Effect, According To Lenin, Socialism And Democracy Are Indivisible. By Gaining Democratic Freedoms The Working Masses Come To Power.

Some Think That Russia Should Become A Kind Of A U.s. Province, Where It Should Supply Natural Resources To The United States And The Rest Of The World. But These People Ignore One Very Important Thing: The Russian People Will Never Agree To This Scenario. Russia Is Ultimately A Self-sufficient Country.

The Guilt Of Stalin And His Immediate Entourage Before The Party And The People For The Mass Repressions And Lawlessness They Committed Is Enormous And Unforgivable.

Humankind Has No Option But To Protect And Live In Harmony With Its Natural Environment. However, It Would Be Regrettable If In Putting An End To Revolutionary Extremism, We Should Then Come To Environmental Extremism. We Should Not Forget That All Extremes Are The Same.

We Are Not Abandoning Our Convictions, Our Philosophy Or Traditions, Nor Do We Urge Anyone To Abandon Theirs.

The Soviet People Want Full-blooded And Unconditional Democracy.

Unconditional Love

If People Don't Like Marxism, They Should Blame The British Museum.

I Support Freedom And I Support A Free Market Economy, But It Should Be A Socially Oriented Market Economy. I Support Globalization, But It Should Be Globalization With A Human Face.

Those Who Are Late Will Be Punished By Life Itself.

Procrastination

Stop Procrastination

Contemporary Social Democracy Is What I Believe Is The Right Concept.

I Believe, As Lenin Said, That This Revolutionary Chaos May Yet Crystallize Into New Forms Of Life.

Putin Wants To Stay In Power, But Not So That He Can Finally Solve Our Most Pressing Problems: Education, Health Care, Poverty.

Peace Is Not Unity In Similarity But Unity In Diversity, In The Comparison And Conciliation Of Differences.

Women Prevent The Threads Of Life From Being Broken. The Finest Minds Have Always Understood The Peacemaking Role Of Women.

If The Russian Word "perestroika" Has Easily Entered The International Lexicon, This Is Due To More Than Just Interest In What Is Going On In The Soviet Union. Now The Whole World Needs Restructuring, I.e. Progressive Development, A Fundamental Change.

To Me, Nature Is Sacred. Trees Are My Temples And Forests Are My Cathedrals.

Now That We Are Rid Of This Syndrome Of Imposing The Communist Model On People, Now That We've Given Them The Chance To Get Rid Of This Dogma, I Have To Tell You Americans That You've Been Pushing Your American Way Of Life For Decades. You Thought It Was Perfection Itself, The Ultimate Achievement Of Human Thought... There Has To Be A Different Approach... Americans Have To Be More Modest In Their Desires. We Have To Stimulate Human Qualities In People Rather Than Greed.

Political Leaders Still Think Things Can Be Done Through Force, But That Cannot Solve Terrorism. Backwardness Is The Breeding Ground Of Terror, And That Is What We Have To Fight.

It Is Better To Discuss Things, To Argue And Engage In Polemics Than Make Perfidious Plans Of Mutual Destruction.

The Time Has Come To Choose A New Direction Of Global Development, To Opt For A New Civilization.

We Need A New System Of Values, A System Of The Organic Unity Between Humankind And Nature And The Ethic Of Global Responsibility.

America Must Be The Teacher Of Democracy, Not The Advertiser Of The Consumer Society. It Is Unrealistic For The Rest Of The World To Reach The American Living Standard.

You Are Fortunate To Live Here. If I Were Your President, I Would Levy A Tax On You For Living In San Francisco!

The Model Of The Consumer Society Is Something That Will One Day End. My Personal View Is That Too Much Consumption Is Wrong.

We Used To Have Just One Criterion And That Was Profit, And Then Another Criterion Was Added - Social Welfare. Now We Have To Add The Third Important Criterion, And That Is Nature And The Environment.

The Time Has Come To Develop Integrated Global Policies.

Jesus Was The First Socialist, The First To Seek A Better Life For Mankind.

Surely, God On High Has Not Refused To Give Us Enough Wisdom To Find Ways To Bring Us An Improvement In Relations Between The Two Great Nations On Earth.

The World's Deteriorating Ecology Poses As Great A Danger To Mankind Today As Did The Nuclear Standoff Between The Superpowers At The Height Of The Cold War.

For A New Type Of Progress Throughout The World To Become A Reality, Everyone Must Change. Tolerance Is The Alpha And Omega Of A New World Order.

There Is Only One Superpower Now And It Doesn't Know What To Do With Its Status. As A Result, We Got Yugoslavia And Iraq, And The Situation Has Only Got Worse.

We Desperately Need To Recognise That We Are The Guests, Not The Masters, Of Nature And Adopt A New Paradigm For Development, Based On The Costs And Benefits To All People, And Bound By The Limits Of Nature Herself Rather Than The Limits Of Technology And Consumerism.

We Must Speak More Clearly About Sexuality, Contraception, About Abortion, About Values That Control Population, Because The Ecological Crisis, In Short, Is The Population Crisis. Cut The Population By 90% And There Aren't Enough People Left To Do A Great Deal Of Ecological Damage.

A Society Should Never Become Like A Pond With Stagnant Water, Without Movement. That's The Most Important Thing.

No One, No Single Center, Can Today Command The World. No Single Group Of Countries Can Do It. Under The Current U.s. President, I Don't Think We Can Fundamentally Change The Situation As It Is Developing Now. It Is Dangerous. The World Is Experiencing A Period Of Growing Global Disarray.

We Must Treat Water As If It Were The Most Precious Thing In The World, The Most Valuable Natural Resource. Be Economical With Water! Don't Waste It! We Still Have Time To Do Something About This Problem Before It Is Too Late.

In Our Discussions Here At The Forum There Was No Trace Of The Futile Debate About What Is Better, Capitalism Or Socialism...we Should Seek A Synthesis Of Ideas And Values That Have Proven Their Viability.

It's America Calling The Shots In Everything

Calling The Shots

Life Punishes Those Who Come Too Late.

The Shortage Of Fresh Water Is The Major Ecological Problem Of This Moment.

Our Rockets Can Find Halley's Comet, And Fly To Venus With Amazing Accuracy, But Side By Side With These Scientific And Technical Triumphs Is An Obvious Lack Of Efficiency In Using Scientific Achievements For Economic Needs. Many Soviet Household Appliances Are Of Poor Quality.

Not Only America But All Countries Should Think Together About How The Enormous Might Of The Sole Remaining Superpower Should Be Used. We Need A Leadership That Is Based On Partnership, A Leadership That Unites Nations And Makes It Possible To Solve The Problems Of The Globe Together. Otherwise, We Will Have Another Gold Rush For A Superpower That Wants To Gain Even Greater Advantages, That Wants To Gain An Absolutely New Position For Itself. That Would Lead To A Perverse Utopia.

The Threat Of Environmental Crisis Is The 'international Disaster Key' To Unlock The New World Order.

People, Human Beings With All Their Creative Diversity, Are The Makers Of History.

If Not Me, Who? And If Not Now, When?

The Socialist Tradition....goes Back To Jesus Christ, Not (karl) Marx.

...the Accident At The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant...has Painfully Affected The Soviet People, And Shocked The International Community. For The First Time, We Confront The Real Force Of Nuclear Energy, Out Of Control.

Imagine A Country That Flies Into Space, Launches Sputniks, Creates Such A Defense System, And It Can't Resolve The Problem Of Women's Pantyhose. There's No Toothpaste, No Soap Powder, Not The Basic Necessities Of Life. It Was Incredible And Humiliating To Work In Such A Government.

Sometimes People Ask Me Why I Began Perestroika. Were The Causes Basically Domestic Or Foreign? The Domestic Reasons Were Undoubtedly The Main Ones, But The Danger Of Nuclear War Was So Serious That It Was A No Less Significant Factor.

I Believe In The Cosmos. All Of Us Are Linked To The Cosmos. So Nature Is My God. To Me, Nature Is Sacred. Trees Are My Temples And Forests Are My Cathedrals. Being At One With Nature.

America Has A Right To Be A Leader. This Leadership Should Be Realized Through Partnership, Not Domination.

Democracy Must Learn To Defend Itself.

A New World Order Is Required To Deal With The Climate Change Crisis.

My Life's Work Has Been Accomplished. I Did All That I Could.

Globalization Was Supposed To Break Down Barriers Between Continents And Bring All Peoples Together. But What Kind Of Globalization Do We Have With Over One Billion People On The Planet Not Having Safe Water To Drink?

What We Need Is Star Peace And Not Star Wars.

I Envisage The Prinicles Of The Earth Charter To Be A New Form Of The Ten Commandments. They Lay The Foundation For A Sustainable Global Earth Community.

The Opponents Of Perestroika Had Suffered A Defeat, And Then They Organized The Coup.

Dangers Await Only Those Who Do Not React To Life.

One Of The Reasons Why This Country Undertook Military Action In Iraq Was That There Are Quite A Few Problems Here, And Perhaps Attention Needed To Be Deflected From Those Problems. It Sometimes Seems That The U.s. Economy Works Successfully Only If It Gets A Stimulus From The Defense Industry. So Perhaps In Addition To Showing The Power And The Might Of The United States Internationally, Another Reason Was To Help The Defense Industry And To Help The U.s. Economy Recover.

If You Want Russia To Be A Real Fully Developed Partner, Then America Should Invest In Russia And Activate Russia As A Strong Nation.

Even Today, A Majority Of People Surveyed Say That They Regret The Fact That The Ussr Collapsed. But Only 9 Percent Say That They Would Want It Back.

It Will Be Difficult, Even Painful, But Democracy Will Prevail In Russia. There Will Be No Dictatorship, Although Relapses Into Authoritarianism Are Possible.

We Have No Right Ever To Forget That Psychological Warfare Is A Struggle For Winning People's Minds.

When I Cleared Out Moscow Apartment After Stepping Down As President, They Found All Kinds Of Wiring In The Walls. It Turned Out That They Had Been Spying On Me All Along.

Gentlemen, Comrades, Do Not Be Concerned About All You Hear About Glasnost And Perestroika And Democracy In The Coming Years. They Are Primarily For Outward Consumption. There Will Be No Significant Internal Changes In The Soviet Union, Other Than For Cosmetic Purposes. Our Purpose Is To Disarm The Americans And Let Them Fall Asleep.

I Remember Secretary Of State [george] Shultz One Day Saying That America Is An Economic Model For The World. I Replied To Him That America Represents 5 Percent Of The World's Population And Consumes 30 Percent Of The World's Energy. What If Everyone In The World Lives Like Americans? Where Do We Get The Energy For This Standard Of Living?

Economic Models

I'm Still Committed To The Socialist Idea Because The Socialist Idea, Correctly Understood, Includes The Principles Of Freedom And Social Justice. It Also Includes The Recognition Of The Value Of Democracy. When We Speak About Social Justice, It Means That Freedom Should Be Used Not Only In The Interest Of Profit But Also In The Interest Of The Advancement Of The People Who Create All Values.

Politics Is My Second Love, Next To My Love For Raisa [gorbacheva].

The Most Important Thing Is Who Counts The Votes.

Important Things

I Am A Communist, A Convinced Communist! For Some That May Be A Fantasy. But To Me It Is My Main Goal.

Lake Baikal In Russia Has 25 Percent Of The Freshwater Resources Of The World. Sixty-five Percent Of The Russian Ecosystems Are In Danger. So Let's Preserve What We Have, And Let's Take Good Care Of Nature.

The Union Was Destroyed Against The Will Of The People, And It Was Done Deliberately - With The Participation Of The Russian Leadership, On The One Hand, And That Of The Putschists, On The Other.

History Punishes Those That Come Late To It.

The United States Found Dozens Of Billions Of Dollars For Military Action In Iraq, So It Should Certainly Be Able To Find A Few Billions Of Dollars To Get Rid Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction. I'll Assume That Since The Most Powerful Nation - The United States - Has Promised To Pay For Much Of This, Then Its Word Will Be Kept. If It Isn't, I Don't Think We Can Have A True Partnership.

When Future Generations Judge Those Who Came Before Them On Environmental Issues, They May Conclude "they Didn't Know": Let Us Not Go Down In History As The Generations Who Knew, But Didn't Care

Sometimes, The Decisions Have To Be Taken In Minutes, Even Seconds, And There Would Be No Time To Make The Right Decision. We Understood That This Could Have Ended In Catastrophe.

Certain People In The United States Are Driving Nails Into This Structure Of Our Relationship, Then Cutting Off The Heads. So The Soviets Must Use Their Teeth To Pull Them Out.

Please Remember One Lesson Of The 20th Century. One Cannot Force Happiness, Impose Happiness On Nations By Imposing Any Kind Of Utopia On Others. The Communist Model Of Society Was A Kind Of Imposed Utopia For Which The Russian People In Particular Paid A Great Price. Still, Sometimes We See That Attempts Are Being Made To Impose Some Other Kind Of Model On The Entire World - Maybe A Westernized Or Americanized Model... This Is Not The Way To Go Because This Can Only Create Conflict.

New Approaches Are Needed, New Orientations In Both Thought And Action. We Must Make The Transition To A New Civilization...we Are Talking Of A Transition Toward A New Civilization. No One Knows What It Will Be Like. What Is Important Is To Orient In That Direction... I Am Convinced That A New Civilization Will Inevitably Take On Certain Features That Are Characteristic Of, Or Inherent In, The Socialist Ideal.

The Market Came With The Dawn Of Civilization And It Is Not An Invention Of Capitalism. ... If It Leads To Improving The Well-being Of The People There Is No Contradiction With Socialism.

It Seems That The Most Important Thing About Reagan Was His Anti-communism And His Reputation As A Hawk Who Saw The Soviet Union As An 'evil Empire.'

The Forests Of Russia And Brazil Are The Lungs Of The Earth.

Montreal, This Wonderful Town… Pearl Of Canada, Pearl Of The World.

A New World Order Is Taking Shape So Fast That Governments As Well As Private Citizens Find It Difficult Just To Absorb The Gallop Of Events.

We Could Still Have Continued The Arms Race, But The Arms Race Was Pointless, And It Was Another Reason We Decided To Start Perestroika. It Was Senseless To Continue To Accumulate Weapons. We Had Enough Weapons To Destroy Life On Earth 1,000 Times, And Therefore It Was Very Clear To Us That The Arms Race Could Spiral Out Of Control. A Conflict Could Have Started, As Both The Americans And The Soviets Realized, Not Out Of A Wrong Political Decision But Because Of A Failure In The Command-and-control Systems.

Command And Control

The Phenomenon Of Ufos Does Exist, And It Must Be Treated Seriously.

Extraterrestrial

God Has Given Us Enough Wisdom To Make Improvements In Our Relations.

More Socialism Means More Democracy, Openness And Collectivism In Everyday Life.

Democracy Is The Wholesome And Pure Air Without Which A Socialist Public Organization Cannot Live A Full-blooded Life.

The Social Model Of The Bolsheviks Failed, As Will Any Model That Denies Individual Rights, Intellectual Freedom, And Freedom Of Competing Political Parties. Without These Freedoms And Rights, There Is No Motivation For People To Work. Such A System Cannot Be Sustained, Especially In Light Of The Technological Revolution Of The Information Era.

If What You Have Done Yesterday Still Looks Big To You. You Haven't Done Much Today.

It Sometimes Seems To Me That Some Of Our Western Partners Do Not Want Russia To Fully Recover. They Would Like Russia To Be In A Subdued State, And They Want Russian Resources To Be Used For The Benefit Of The U.s. Economy.

What We're Talking About Is Creating New Forms Of Life On The Basis Of New Values.

Without Glasnost There Is Not, And There Cannot Be, Democratism, The Political Creativity Of The Masses And Their Participation In Management.

I Say Again That I Am An Atheist. I Do Not Believe In God.

Every Us President Has To Have A War.

The Threat Of A World War Is No More.

I Think The United States Is Sick. It Suffers From The Sickness, The Disease Of Being The Victor And It Needs To Cure Itself From This Disease.

A New Generation Of More Educated People Started To Be Active. Then Society Required Freedom, Society Demanded Freedom.

It Is Better To See Once Than To Hear A Hundred Times.

The Problem The World Faces Today Is That Only One-third Of The World's Population Lives In Decent Circumstances, While Half The Population Of The World Lives On One Or Two Dollars A Day. And Even As We Have This Poverty And Backwardness, We Are Facing A Global Environmental Crisis. We Need Developmental Models That Will Take Into Account The Specific And Unique Position Of Each Country And At The Same Time Will Address The Environmental Crisis.

According To Lenin, Socialism And Democracy Are Indivisible.... The Essence Of Perestroika Lies In The Fact That It Unites Socialism With Democracy And Revives The Leninist Concept Of Socialist Construction Both In Theory And In Practice. We Want More Socialism And, Therefore, More Democracy.

We Had 10 Years After The Cold War To Build A New World Order And Yet We Squandered Them. The United States Cannot Tolerate Anyone Acting Independently. Every Us President Has To Have A War.

The World Will Not Accept Dictatorship Or Domination.

For The First Time Ever, We Have Confronted In Reality The Sinister Power Of Uncontrolled Nuclear Energy.

We Need A New Environmental Consciousness On A Global Basis. To Do This, We Need To Educate People.

I Certainly Wouldn't Say That We Loved The Arms Race. Trillions Of Dollars Were Used To Stoke It. For Our Economy, Which Was Smaller In Size Than The American Economy, It Was A Burden. But One Cannot Agree With The Statement That The Arms Race Played The Key Role In The Collapse Of The Soviet Union.

Ideally, Peace Means The Absence Of Violence. It Is An Ethical Value.

In October 1917, We Parted With The Old World, Rejecting It Once And For All. We Are Moving Toward A New World, A World Of Communism. We Shall Never Turn Off That Road.

I Paid Too Heavy A Price For Perestroika.

Nature Is Reminding Us That It Used To Exist Without Human Beings.

We Are Beginning To See Practical Support. And This Is A Very Significant Sign Of The Movement Towards A New Era, A New Age.... We See Both In Our Country And Elsewhere... Ghosts Of The Old Thinking.... When We Rid Ourselves Of Their Presence, We Will Be Better Able To Move Toward A New World Order...relying On The Relevent Mechanisms Of The United Nations.

I Began To Feel The Desire For Something More; I Wanted To Do Something To Make Things Better.

We Are All Passengers Aboard One Ship, The Earth, And We Must Not Allow It To Be Wrecked. There Will Be No Second Noah's Ark.

Without Perestroika, The Cold War Simply Would Not Have Ended. But The World Could Not Continue Developing As It Had, With The Stark Menace Of Nuclear War Ever Present.

An Awareness Of The Need For Some Kind Of Global Government Is Gaining Ground, One In Which All Members Of The World Community Would Take Part.

Man Is Beginning To Explore The Galaxy. But How Much Remains Undone On Earth?

Though Representatives Of Many Ethnic Groups Came Together In The United States, English Became Their Common Language. Apparently, This Was A Natural Choice. One Can Imagine What Would Have Happened If Members Of Each Nation Moving To The U.s. Had Spoken Only Their Own Tongues And Refused To Learn English.

Many People Who Live In Big Countries Like Ours Thought That We Had Resources That Would Work For Us For Many, Many Years, But That Was A Mistake. Our Natural Wealth Corrupted Us. In This Country, You Were Among The First To Raise Environmental Issues. In Russia, Despite All Of Its Problems Today, People Are Concerned About The Environment, And It's Become A Central Issue On The Agenda.

I Am An Optimist And I Believe That Together We Shall Be Able Now To Make The Right Historical Choice So As Not To Miss The Great Chance At The Turn Of Centuries And Millenia And Make The Current Extremely Difficult Transition To A Peaceful World Order.

You Cannot Go To Sleep With One Form Of Economic System And Wake Up The Next Morning With Another.

My Goal Was To Avoid Bloodshed. But Unfortunately There Was Some Bloodshed, After All.

The Emerging 'environmentalization' Of Our Civilization And The Need For Vigorous Action In The Interest Of The Entire Global Community Will Inevitably Have Multiple Political Consequences. Perhaps The Most Important Of Them Will Be A Gradual Change In The Status Of The United Nations. Inevitably, It Must Assume Some Aspects Of A World Government.

World Government

In Principle As A Philosophy, A Model Of Organising Society, Communism Has To Be Respected. As Regards The Use Of Certain Methods To Advance Social Justice And Greater Regulation By The State, There Are Certain Methods That Are Useful. What We Need Is A New Society, A New Civilization And Convergence Of All That Is Best In Both [communism And Capitalism]

Sometimes Its Difficult To Accept, To Recognise Ones Own Mistakes, But One Must Do It. I Was Guilty Of Overconfidence And Arrogance, And I Was Punished For That.

It Is My Firm Belief That The Infinite And Uncontrollable Fury Of Nuclear Weapons Should Never Be Held In The Hands Of Any Mere Mortal Ever Again, For Any Reason.

Nuclear Disarmament

Further Global Progress Is Now Possible Only Through A Quest For Universal Consensus In The Movement Towards A New World Order.

World Government

The New European Soviet.

It Would Be Naive To Think That The Problems Plaguing Mankind Today Can Be Solved With Means And Methods Which Were Applied Or Seemed To Work In The Past.

In Russia, There Are Those Who Make Their Money In Criminal Ways, But I Earn Everything Myself.

On The Day I Became Soviet Leader, In March 1985, I Had A Special Meeting With The Leaders Of The Warsaw Pact Countries And Told Them: 'you Are Independent, And We Are Independent. You Are Responsible For Your Policies, We Are Responsible For Ours. We Will Not Intervene In Your Affairs, I Promise You.'

Today, Peace Means The Ascent From Simple Coexistence To Cooperation And Common Creativity Among Countries And Nations.

Sometimes When You Stand Face To Face With Someone, You Cannot See His Face.

Americans Have A Severe Disease - Worse Than Aids. It's Called The Winner's Complex.

Water, Like Religion And Ideology, Has The Power To Move Millions Of People. Since The Very Birth Of Human Civilization, People Have Moved To Settle Close To It. People Move When There Is Too Little Of It. People Move When There Is Too Much Of It. People Journey Down It. People Write, Sing And Dance About It. People Fight Over It. And All People, Everywhere And Every Day, Need It.

What Happened To The Soviet Union Happened Mainly For Domestic Reasons. It Was A Failure Of The Model Based On A Command Economy And Dictatorship. The Rejection Of Freedom And Democracy, The Decisionmaking Monopoly Of One Party, And The Monopoly Of One Ideology All Had A Chilling Effect On The Country. That Model Turned Out To Be Incapable Of Making Structural Changes. It Did Not Open Up Ways For Initiative And Was Overly Centralized.

History Is A Capricious Creature. It Depends On Who Writes It.

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