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Like So Many Empires Before It, The Soviet Union Eventually Imploded And Fragmented, Falling Victim Not So Much To A Direct Military Defeat As To Disintegration Accelerated By Economic And Social Strains.

-Zbigniew Brzezinski

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Like So Many Empires

Zbigniew Brzezinski

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Like So Many Empires Before It, The Soviet Union Eventually Imploded And Fragmented, Falling Victim Not So Much To A Direct Military Defeat As To Disintegration Accelerated By Economic And Social Strains.

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The United States Is Prepared Really To Be Engaged In The Quest To Get People In The World The Dignities That They Seek Today, The Social Justice That They Feel They're Deprived Of, And The Common Solution To Global Problems.

But If Russia Is To Be Part Of This Larger Zone Of Peace It Cannot Bring Into It Its Imperial Baggage. It Cannot Bring Into It A Policy Of Genocide Against The Chechens, And Cannot Kill Journalists, And It Cannot Repress The Mass Media.

Too Rich To Be Relevant To The World's Poor, [europe] Attracts Immigration But Cannot Encourage Imitation. Too Passive Regarding International Security. Too Self-satisfied, It Acts As If Its Central Political Goal Is To Become The Worlds Most Comfortable Retirement Home. Too Set In Its Ways, It Fears Multicultural Diversity

A Great Deal Of World Politics Is A Fundamental Struggle, But It Is Also A Struggle That Has To Be Waged Intelligently.

Look At Islam In A Rational Manner And Without Demagoguery Or Emotion. It Is The Leading Religion Of The World With 1.5 Billion Followers.

What Is Most Important To The History Of The World? The Taliban Or The Collapse Of The Soviet Empire? Some Stirred-up Moslems Or The Liberation Of Central Europe And The End Of The Cold War?

This Regionalization Is In Keeping With The Tri-lateral Plan Which Calls For A Gradual Convergence Of East And West, Ultimately Leading Toward The Goal Of One World Government. National Sovereignty Is No Longer A Viable Concept.

World Government

Foreign Policy Should Not Be Justified Through Making Oneself Feel Good, But Through Results That Have Tangible Consequences.

The Scope Of America's Global Hegemony Is Admittedly Great, But Its Depth Is Shallow, Limited By Both Domestic And External Restraints.

The Legitimacy Of The Leadership Depends On What That Country Thinks Of Its Leaders.

American Power Worldwide Is At Its Historic Zenith.

The Technotronic Era Involves The Gradual Appearance Of A More Controlled Society. Such A Society Would Be Dominated By An Elite, Unrestrained By Traditional Values. Soon It Will Be Possible To Assert Almost Continuous Surveillance Over Every Citizen And Maintain Up-to-date Complete Files Containing Even The Most Personal Information About The Citizen. These Files Will Be Subject To Instantaneous Retrieval By The Authorities.

World Government

Global Stability - Economic As Well As Political - Is At Risk.

We Cannot Have That Relationship If We Only Dictate Or Threaten And Condemn Those Who Disagree.

Arab Nationalism, Which Tended To Be Until Relatively Recent Somewhat Secular In Motivation, Has Now Become Increasingly Religious And Fundamentalist. And That Makes It More Pervasive, More Difficult To Deal With.

Nonsense! It Is Said That The West Had A Global Policy In Regard To Islam. That Is Stupid. There Isn't A Global Islam.

It Follows That America's Primary Interest Is To Help Ensure That No Single Power Comes To Control This Geopolitical Space And That The Global Community Has Unhindered Financial And Economic Access To It.

In Early Times, It Was Easier To Control A Million People Than To Kill A Million. Today, It Is Infinitely Easier To To Kill A Million People Than To Control A Million.

We Shouldn't Overdramatize The Current Disagreements With The Russians. They Are Real, But They're Not Really All That Threatening. And The Notion That We're Moving Back To Some Cold War I Think Is Really An Exaggerated Judgment.

I Think The Us Has The Right To Have Its Own National Security Policy. I Think Most Americans Would Agree With That. And Therefore Clarity On This Issue Is Important And Especially If We Commit Ourselves, Explicitly And Bindingly, To Israel's Security.

Let's Address The Issue Of How America Deals With The Iraqis And How We Deal With The Region, Recognize The Fact That This Is A Misadventure, Which It Is In Our Interest To Terminate And Not To Repeat. That's A Rather Important Conclusion To Draw, And A Very Important Lesson.

We Cannot Leap Into World Government Through One Quick Step... The Precondition For Eventual And Genuine Globalization Is Progressive Regionalization Because By That We Move Toward Larger, More Stable, More Cooperative Units.

World Government

The First And Most Important Is To Emphasize The Enduring Nature Of The Alliance Relationship Particularly With Europe Which Does Share Our Values And Interests Even If It Disagrees With Us On Specific Policies.

Soon It Will Be Possible To Assert Almost Continuous Surveillance Over Every Citizen And Maintain Up-to-date Complete Files Containing Even The Most Personal Information About The Citizen.

World Government

We Have Actually Experienced In Recent Months A Dramatic Demonstration Of An Unprecedented Intelligence Failure, Perhaps The Most Significant Intelligence Failure In The History Of The United States.

The Fact Is That One Significant Way The Iranians Have A Posture Different From The North Koreans, The North Koreans Basically Are Saying We Have A Nuclear Program. We Are Seeking Weapons. We Have Produced Weapons. We're Proud Of The Fact That We Have Weapons.

We Didn't Push The Russians To Intervene, But We Knowingly Increased The Probability That They Would.

There Is An Element Of Delusional Obsession In The French Political Elite's Preoccupation With The Notion That France Is Still A Global Power.

I Have No Patience For Those In The American Jewish Community Who Just Go Around Slandering People As Anti-semites Without Realizing That What They're Doing Is Really Trivializing Anti-semitism.

I Don't Feel I Was "born American," But My Homeland Was Denied To Me After The End Of World War Ii And I Craved Something I Could Identify With.

As In All Things, It Is Terribly Important To Have A Sense Of Priorities In What You Do. And To Make Certain That Priorities Do Not Clash.

The Attitude Of The American Public Toward The External Projection Of American Power Has Been Much More Ambivalent. The Public Supported America's Engagement In World War Ii Largely Because Of The Shock Effect Of The Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor.

To Resolve Conflicts, Excessive Ambitions And One's Own Fears And Aspirationis Must Be Sacrificed.

One Has To Be Willing To Face The Fact That What Has Transpired In Iraq Is Not Exactly A Very Successful Exercise.

I Encouraged The Chinese To Support Pol Pot. I Encouraged The Thailand|thai To Help The Khmer Rouge. The Question Was How To Help The Cambodian People. Pol Pot Was An Abomination. We Could Never Support Him. But China Could.

Because When You Kill 300 People, 400 People, Who Have Nothing To Do With The Provocations Hezbollah Staged, But You Do It In Effect Deliberately By Being Indifferent To The Scale Of Collateral Damage, You're Killing Hostages In The Hope Of Intimidating Those That You Want To Intimidate. And More Likely Than Not You Will Not Intimidate Them. You'll Simply Outrage Them And Make Them Into Permanent Enemies With The Number Of Such Enemies Increasing.

The Notion That Somehow Or Another They'll (iran) Put It In A Picnic Basket And Hand It To Some Terrorist Group Is Merely An Argument That May Be Convincing To Some People Who Don't Know Anything About Nuclear Weapons. I Don't Find That Argument Very Credible, I'm Not Sure That People Who Make It Even Believe In It. But It's A Good Argument To Make If You Have No Other Argument To Make. The Fact Of The Matter Is, Iran Has Been Around For 3000 Years, And That Is Not A Symptom Of A Suicidal Instinct.

According To The Official Version Of History, Cia Aid To The Mujahadeen Began During 1980, That Is To Say, After The Soviet Army Invaded Afghanistan, 24 Dec 1979.

The Israelis Have A Lot Of Influence With Congress, And In Some Cases They Are Able To Buy Influence.

America Is The Number One Superpower Today In The World.

The Israeli-palestinian Problem Becomes Very Acute With Gaza Dominated By Hamas. With The Possibility Of The Conflict Escalating, Not Only In Terms Of Gaza But Also The Hezbollah And Lebanon, With The Continuing Crisis In Iraq, Which Is Very Dynamic And Unpredictable And Which Could Get Out Of Hand, And Maybe Even Escalate And Enlarge.

To Put It In A Terminology That Hearkens Back To The More Brutal Age Of Ancient Empires, The Three Grand Imperatives Of Imperial Geo-strategy Are To Prevent Collusion And Maintain Security Dependence Among The Vassals, To Keep Tributaries Pliant And Protected, And To Keep The Barbarians From Coming Together.

The Legitimacy Of The Leadership Depends On What That Country Thinks Of Its Leaders. When We Lay Off, More And More Iranians Tend To Be Critical Of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The More Abusive We Are And The More Pressure We Put On Them, The More Nationalism Fuses With Fundamentalism In Iran.

In Fact, An Islamic Revival - Already Abetted From The Outside Not Only By Iran But Also By Saudi Arabia - Is Likely To Become The Mobilizing Impulse For The Increasingly Pervasive New Nationalisms, Determined To Oppose Any Reintegration Under Russian - And Hence Infidel - Control.

The President Has To Project To The American People A Sense Of Demanding Idealism. Idealism Which Is Not Based In Self-indulgence, But On Self-denial And Sacrifice, And On This Such An America Is Going To Be Credible To The World.

That [american Exceptionalism] Is A Reaction To The Inability Of People To Understand Global Complexity Or Important Issues Like American Energy Dependency. Therefore, They Search For Simplistic Sources Of Comfort And Clarity. And The People That They Are Now Selecting To Be, So To Speak, The Spokespersons Of Their Anxieties Are, In Most Cases, Stunningly Ignorant.

The Eastern Europeans Invested Too Many Of Their Hopes In The Notion That Somehow Or Other The Missile Shield, Even If Directed At Iran, Would Reinforce Their Security Links With The U.s. Vis-à-vis Russia.

According To The Official Version Of History, Cia Aid To The Mujahideen Began During 1980, That Is To Say, After The Soviet Army Invaded Afghanistan, 24 Dec 1979. But The Reality, Secretly Guarded Until Now, Is Completely Otherwise. Indeed, It Was July 3, 1979 That President Carter Signed The First Directive For Secret Aid To The Opponents Of The Pro-soviet Regime In Kabul. And That Very Day, I Wrote A Note To The President In Which I Explained To Him That In My Opinion This Aid Was Going To Induce A Soviet Military Intervention.

The Israelis Are Becoming Increasingly Like The White Supremacist South Africans, Viewing The Palestinians As A Lower Form Of Life, Not Hesitating To Kill A Great Many Of Them And Justifying This On The Grounds That They Are Being The Objects Of Terrorism, Which Is True.

One Has To Define Very Clearly What One's Objectives Are, Determine In Advance How Much One Is Prepared To Pay To Achieve That Objective And Then Act Accordingly.

Without Ukraine, Russia's Imperial Aspirations Are Essentially Nostalgia, But It's Not A Real Policy.

I Think The United States Is Currently A Kind Of Wonder - Wonderland With The President Trump Speaking On Subjects Of His Choice, Some Of Which Are Entertaining, But None Of Which Are Very Strategically Substantive.

One Thing We Know: Things Will Become Even More Destabilized If We Don't Step Up Sino-u.s. Cooperation. If You Want To Envisage A Worst-case Scenario, It Is That Putin Reveals Step By Step The Inner Weaknesses Of The West, Particularly In Europe, And The Chinese See In That An Opportunity For Emulation In The Far East, And Then Step By Step Through A Gradual Process We Will Be Witnessing The Emergence Of Sino-russian Partnership In Favor Of A Drastic Change In The Global Balance Of Power.

I Don't Think There Is An Implicit Obligation For The United States To Follow Like A Stupid Mule Whatever The Israelis Do. If They Decide To Start A War, Simply On The Assumption That We Will Be Automatically Drawn Into It, I Think It Is The Obligation Of Friendship To Say "you're Not Going To Be Making National Decisions For Us"

The Dynamic Character Of China's Nonstatist Economic Transformation, Including Its Social Openness To The Rest Of The World, Is Not Mutually Compatible In The Long Run With A Relatively Closed And Bureaucratically Rigid Communist Dictatorship.

Benchmarks Are Targets That Have To Be Fulfilled. They Cannot Be Fulfilled In An Indefinite Period Of Time, So There Are Timetables In Benchmarks.

Foreign Policy Of A Pluralistic Democracy Like The United States Should Be Based On Bipartisanship Because Bipartisanship Is The Means And The Framework For Formulating Policies Based On Moderation And On The Recognition Of The Complexity Of The Human Condition. That Has Been The Tradition Since The Days Of Truman And Vandenberg All The Way Until Recent Times.

I Think If Nato Haven't Expanded, We Would Have A No-man's Zone Between The E.u. And Nato And Russia, And That Would Be Very Dangerous.

Shortly, The Public Will Be Unable To Reason Or Think For Themselves. They'll Only Be Able To Parrot The Information They've Been Given On The Previous Night's News.

Most Americans Are Close To Total Ignorance About The World. They Are Ignorant. That Is An Unhealthy Condition In A Country In Which Foreign Policy Has To Be Endorsed By The People If It Is To Be Pursued. And It Makes It Much More Difficult For Any President To Pursue An Intelligent Policy That Does Justice To The Complexity Of The World.

Nation State As A Fundamental Unit Of Man's Organized Life Has Ceased To Be The Principal Creative Force: International Banks And Multinational Corporations Are Acting And Planning In Terms That Are Far In Advance Of The Political Concepts Of The Nation-state.

We Have A Large Public That Is Very Ignorant About Public Affairs And Very Susceptible To Simplistic Slogans By Candidates Who Appear Out Of Nowhere, Have No Track Record, But Mouth Appealing Slogans

Never Before Has A Populist Democracy Attained International Supremacy. But The Pursuit Of Power Is Not A Goal That Commands Popular Passion, Except In Conditions Of A Sudden Threat Or Challenge To The Public's Sense Of Domestic Well-being. The Economic Self-denial (that Is, Defense Spending) And The Human Sacrifice (casualties, Even Among Professional Soldiers) Required In The Effort Are Uncongenial To Democratic Instincts. Democracy Is Inimical To Imperial Mobilization.

Speaking Of A Future At Most Only Decades Away, An Experimenter In Intelligence Control Asserted, “i Foresee A Time When We Shall Have The Means And Therefore, Inevitably, The Temptation To Manipulate The Behavior And Intellectual Functioning Of All The People Through Environmental And Biochemical Manipulation Of The Brain.

No Matter How Deeply Disturbing The Thought Of Using The Environment To Manipulate Behavior For National Advantages To Some, The Technology Permitting Such Use Will Very Probably Develop Within The Next Few Decades.

An Arc Of Crisis Stretches Along The Shores Of The Indian Ocean, With Fragile Social And Political Structures In A Region Of Vital Importance To Us Threatened With Fragmentation. The Resulting Political Chaos Could Well Be Filled By Elements Hostile To Our Values And Sympathetic To Our Adversaries.

Israel's International Position Is Very Badly Damaged. A Country Which Started Off As A Symbol Of Recovery Of A People Who Were Greatly Persecuted Now Looks Like A Country That Is Persecuting People. And That's Very Bad.

Though Stalinism May Have Been A Needless Tragedy For Both The Russian People And Communism As An Ideal, There Is The Intellectually Tantalizing Possibility That For The World At Large It Was, As We Shall See, A Blessing In Disguise.

History Is Much More The Product Of Chaos Than Of Conspiracy

Conspiracy Theory

The Israelis Have Taken A Lot Of Security Measures Which Reduce Significantly The Ability Of Iran To Inflict Truly Severe Pain In Israel. But America Is Vulnerable With 100,000 Troops In Iraq And More Than Half Of That In Afghanistan, And We Depend Heavily On Access To Middle Eastern Oil. We're Sitting Targets For Debilitating Iranian Retaliation.

The Most Immediate Task Is To Make Certain That No State Or Combination Of States Gains The Capacity To Expel The United States From Eurasia Or Even To Diminish Significantly Its Decisive Arbitration Role.

The American People Have To Think Hard About Their Definition Of The Meaning Of The Good Life, That Hedonistic, Materialistic Society Of High Levels Of Consumption, Increasing Social Inequality Is Not A Society That Can Be Part Of The Solution Of The World's Problems.

Marxism Represents A Further Vital And Creative Stage In The Maturing Of Man's Universal Vision... The Nation-state Is Gradually Yielding Its Sovereignty... More Intensive Efforts To Shape A New World Monetary Structure Will Have To Be Undertaken.

The Momentum Of Asia's Economic Development Is Already Generating Massive Pressures For The Exploration And Exploitation Of New Sources Of Energy And The Central Asian Region And The Caspian Sea Basin Are Known To Contain Reserves Of Natural Gas And Oil That Dwarf Those Of Kuwait, The Gulf Of Mexico, Or The North Sea.

In The Technotronic Society The Trend Would Seem To Be Towards The Aggregation Of The Individual Support Of Millions Of Uncoordinated Citizens, Easily Within The Reach Of Magnetic And Attractive Personalities Exploiting The Latest Communications Techniques To Manipulate Emotions And Control Reason.

America Is Now The Only Global Superpower, And Eurasia Is The Globe's Central Arena. Hence, What Happens To The Distribution Of Power On The Eurasian Continent Will Be Of Decisive Importance To America's Global Primacy And To America's Historical Legacy.

Distribution Of Power

I Can't Believe That The Russians Really Think They're More Insecure Because Estonia Is In Nato. And We Don't Have Forces Poised In Estonia To Attack Russia.

Palestinian Terrorism Has To Be Rejected And Condemned, Yes. But It Should Not Be Translated Defacto Into A Policy Of Support For A Really Increasingly Brutal Repression, Colonial Settlements And A New Wall.

If A New President Personalizes A Rather Different Concept Of America And A Different Sense Of America's Mission In The World Than Has Been The Case With President George W. Bush, Then That Almost Automatically Will Help To Improve America's Global Image. But The Tangibles Involving The War And The Economy Are Not Going To Be Easy To Fix.

Hard Power Makes Sense Under Some Circumstances. But There's Not A Universal Solution To Global Problems. A Major Country Like The United States Has To Have A Broadly-conceived Program For Effective International Action, Influence And Cooperation With Others.

I Think It Is Essential That America Does Not Stumble Into A Stupid War With Iran.

Today We Are Again Witnessing The Emergence Of Transnational Elites ... [whose] Ties Cut Across National Boundaries ...it Is Likely That Before Long The Social Elites Of Most Of The More Advanced Countries Will Be Highly Internationalist Or Globalist In Spirit And Outlook ... The Nation-state Is Gradually Yielding Its Sovereignty... Further Progress Will Require Greater American Sacrifices. More Intensive Efforts To Shape A New World Monetary Structure Will Have To Be Undertaken, With Some Consequent Risk To The Present Relatively Favorable American Position.

For People Of Different Faiths To Coexist, It's Going To Take Maturity, Wisdom, And Patience. All Of Which Come, Eventually, With Tolerance. And It's A Process Of Time.

For America, The Chief Geopolitical Prize Is Eurasia... Now A Non-eurasian Power Is Preeminent In Eurasia - And America's Global Primacy Is Directly Dependent On How Long And How Effectively Its Preponderance On The Eurasian Continent Is Sustained.

People, Governments And Economies Of All Nations Must Serve The Needs Of Multinational Banks And Corporations.

I Cite These Events Because I Think They Underline Two Very Disturbing Phenomena - The Loss Of U.s. International Credibility, The Growing U.s. International Isolation.

Ukraine, A New And Important Space On The Eurasian Chessboard, Is A Geopolitical Pivot Because Its Very Existence As An Independent Country Helps To Transform Russia. Without Ukraine, Russia Ceases To Be A Eurasian Empire.

Iraq May Have Been A Preview Of That, But It's Still Redeemable If We Get Out Fast. In A War With Iran, We'll Get Dragged Down For 20 Or 30 Years. The World Will Condemn Us. We Will Lose Our Position In The World.

It Is Conceivable That At Some Point A Truly United And Powerful European Union Could Become A Global Political Rival To The United States.

The Ukrainian Opposition Should Adopt Democratic Unity As Its Main Principle, And It Also Must Have One Leader.

Russia Can Be Either An Empire Or A Democracy, But It Cannot Be Both. . . . Without Ukraine, Russia Ceases To Be An Empire, But With Ukraine Suborned And Then Subordinated, Russia Automatically Becomes An Empire.

I Happen To Think That As The Ukraine Moves To The West, Towards The E.u., Eventually Towards Nato, It Will Pave The Way Also For Russia Moving Towards The West. Because It Will Become A Logical Extension Of The Same Process, And It Will Eliminate Any Imperial Ambitions.

Once The Eastern Bloc Collapsed, What I Call 'historical Spontaneity' Prevailed And The Countries That Were Subject To Soviet Control Naturally Gravitated To The West. That's Where They Sought Their Security; I Don't Think There Was A Way To Avoid That. If We Tried To Exclude Them, We Would Have Today Not One Europe, We Would Have Three Europes: One In The West, One In The Middle And One In The East, And The Middle Would Be Insecure And A Tempting Target. The Insecurity Felt [today] By Eastern Europe Would Be Replicated On A Much Larger And More Consequential Scale.

In The Longer Run, I Happen To Think That Russia Really Has No Choice But To Become Gradually More Associated With The Euro-atlantic Community. Because If It Isn't, Then It's Going To Find Itself Essentially Facing China All By Itself, Facing The Euro-atlantic Community All By Itself.

Hegemony Is As Old As Mankind.

I Think The Sheer Attrition Of American Global Domination Will Create Circumstances In Which The Chinese Will Be Tempted To Reach Out For More Influence, Including In Regions In Which We Have Special Interests, Such As The Middle East, From Which They Already Obtain A Great Deal Of Their Energy. And That Region Will Be Seeking Some New Superpower Patron.

Today It Is Infinitely Easier To Kill One Million People Than To Control One Million People.

Not To Mention The Fact That Of Course Terrorists Hate Freedom. I Think They Do Hate. But Believe Me, I Don't Think They Sit There Abstractly Hating Freedom.

It's Perfectly Natural To Desire More Troops When Engaged In A Military Operation Facing Serious Obstacles, And The More Troops You Have, Probably, The [lower The] Risk Of Causalities.

The Kind Of Problem That America Faces In Iraq Is A Little Bit The Kind Of Problem That Israel Faced In Dealing With Hezbollah. If The Conflict, The Theater Of Conflict Enlarges, It's Going To Become More And More Absorbing And More And More Costly.

The Political Awakening That Is Happening Worldwide Is A Major Challenge For America, Because It Means That The World Is Much More Restless. It's Stirring. It Has Aspirations Which Are Not Easily Satisfied. And If America Is To Lead, It Has To Relate Itself Somehow To These New, Lively, Intense Political Aspirations, Which Make Our Age So Different From Even The Recent Past.

I'm Perfectly Willing To Say No More Iraqs, Which Means No More Unilateral Starting Of The War On False Claims, False Information, And A Complete Misunderstanding Of The Nature Of The Situation In The Region.

Moreover, As America Becomes An Increasingly Multi-cultural Society, It May Find It More Difficult To Fashion A Consensus On Foreign Policy Issues, Except In The Circumstance Of A Truly Massive And Widely Perceived Direct External Threat.

In The Long Run, Global Politics Are Bound To Become Increasingly Uncongenial To The Concentration Of Hegemonic Power In The Hands Of A Single State. Hence, America Is Not Only The First, As Well As The Only, Truly Global Superpower, But It Is Also Likely To Be The Very Last.

The United States Can Certainly Defeat North Vietnam, But The United States Cannot Defeat A Guerrilla War Which Is Being Raged From A Sanctuary Through A Pattern Of Penetration, Intervention, Evasion, Which Is Very Difficult For A Technologically Advanced Country Like The United States To Combat.

When It Comes To Jewish Sensitivity, I Don't Find The Proposition Compelling That Non-jews Have No Right To Comment. We All Have The Right To Comment About Each Other. And I Object When People Say That These Comments Are Motivated By Anti-semitism.

The Day That The Soviets Officially Crossed The Border Of Afghanistan, I Wrote To President Jimmy Carter: We Now Have The Opportunity Of Giving To The Ussr Its Vietnam War.

Today We Are In A Situation In Which The Free Movement Of People Can Have Enormous, Monumental Dimensions, And I Don't Think That Any Country In Western Europe Or In America Can Any Longer Adopt The Idea Of Totally Free Movement Of People. I T Would Simply Overwhelm Their Social Facilities, Their Societies And Create Migratory Dynamics On The Scales Of Tens And Tens Of Millions Of People. That Simply Is Not Practical.

The United States Wants To Be Part Of The Solution To Its Problems And Not, In Part, The Maker Of Their Problems.

Look At Islam In A Rational Manner And Without Demagoguery Or Emotion. It Is The Leading Religion Of The World With 1.5 Billion Followers. But What Is There In Common Among Saudi Arabian Fundamentalism, Moderate Morocco, Pakistan Militarism, Egyptian Pro-western Or Central Asian Secularism? Nothing More Than What Unites The Christian Countries.

The Technetronic Era Involves The Gradual Appearance Of A More Controlled Society. Such A Society Would Be Dominated By Elite, Unrestrained By Traditional Values.

World Government

With Its Declining Population, With People Moving Out Of The Far East, With An Enormously Powerful China In The East, I Think The Real Destiny Of Russia Is To Become Closer To The West.

Technology Will Make Available To The Leaders Of Major Nations, Techniques For Conducting Secret Warfare, Of Which Only A Bare Minimum Of The Security Forces Need Be Appraised.....techniques Of Weather Modification Could Be Employed To Produce Prolonged Periods Of Drought Or Storm.

Like So Many Empires Before It, The Soviet Union Eventually Imploded And Fragmented, Falling Victim Not So Much To A Direct Military Defeat As To Disintegration Accelerated By Economic And Social Strains.

America Is The Only Superpower. But Our Leadership Is Being Tested In The Middle East, And Some Of The Things That We Have Done In The Middle East Are Contributing To A Potential Explosion Region-wide. And If That Explosion Gets Out Of Hand, We May End Up Being Bogged Down For Many Years To Come In A Conflict That Will Be Profoundly Damaging To Our Capacity To Exercise Our Power, To Address The Problems Implicit In This Global Awakening, And We May Face A World In Which Much Of The World Turns Away From Us, Seeks Its Own Equilibrium, But Probably Slides Into A Growing Chaos.

There Are Major Disappointments With The Outcomes Of Solidarity: Corruption, And Major Pockets Of Economic Backwardness And Even Poverty. By And Large, Though, If There Were A Choice Between The Life Poles Led In The 1970s And 1980s And Now, Nobody But A Lunatic Would Say They Wanted To Have Back What They Had Before.

Let's Face It: The Jewish Community Is The Most Active Political Community In American Society.

I Think President George W. Bush Contributed Very Directly To The Fact That The Status Of America As The World's Only Superpower Lasted For 20 Years At Most.

Because You Can't Intervene Everywhere, You Don't Conclude You Can't Intervene Anywhere.

However, If Moscow Regains Control Over Ukraine, With Its 52 Million People And Major Resources As Well As Access To The Black Sea, Russia Automatically Again Regains The Wherewithal To Become A Powerful Imperial State, Spanning Europe And Asia.

Acting Alone In A World That's Alive In Political Stirring Is To Condemn Oneself To Isolation And Probably Protracted Warfare Of The Kind That Can Be Dissipating.

Moreover, They [the Central Asian Republics] Are Of Importance From The Standpoint Of Security And Historical Ambitions To At Least Three Of Their Most Immediate And More Powerful Neighbors, Namely Russia, Turkey And Iran, With China Also Signaling An Increasing Political Interest In The Region. But The Eurasian Balkans Are Infinitely More Important As A Potential Economic Prize: An Enormous Concentration Of Natural Gas And Oil Reserves Is Located In The Region, In Addition To Important Minerals, Including Gold.

I Was Confident About America And The Idea That In America People Can Become American Without Masking Their Ethnic Identity.

Shared Sino-american Global Security Goals Would Not Mean That One Partner Dictates To The Other. U.s.-prc Differences Will Persist, And On The Asian Regional Level They Can Even Be A Source Of Mutual Irritation. Nor Should It Mean That We Ignore The Basic Differences Between Our Political Systems And Values.

One Has To Understand What The Enemy Is All About: The Enemy's History, The Enemy's Culture, The Enemy's Aspirations. If You Understand These Well, You Can Perhaps Move Towards Peace.

More Directly Linked To The Impact Of Technology, It Involves The Gradual Appearance Of A More Controlled And Directed Society. Such A Society Would Be Dominated By An Elite Whose Claim To Political Power Would Rest On Allegedly Superior Scientific Know-how. Unhindered By The Restraints Of Traditional Liberal Values, This Elite Would Not Hesitate To Achieve Its Political Ends By Using The Latest Modern Techniques For Influencing Public Behavior And Keeping Society Under Close Surveillance And Control.

The Mistakes Of The Iraq War Are Not Only Tactical And Strategic, But Historical. It Is Essentially A War Of Colonialism, Attempted In The Post-colonial Age.

We Should Be Therefore Supporting A Larger Europe, And In So Doing We Should Strive To Expand The Zone Of Peace And Prosperity In The World Which Is The Necessary Foundation For A Stable International System In Which Our Leadership Could Be Fruitfully Exercised.

Bipartisanship Helps To Avoid Extremes And Imbalances. It Causes Compromises And Accommodations. So Let's Cooperate.

There Is An Element Of Paranoia In This Inclination To View Any Serious Attempt At A Compromised Peace As Somehow Directed Against Israel.

War On Terrorism Defines The Central Preoccupation Of The United States In The World Today, And It Does Reflect In My View A Rather Narrow And Extremist Vision Of Foreign Policy Of The World's First Superpower, Of A Great Democracy, With Genuinely Idealistic Traditions.

Regret What? That Secret Operation Was An Excellent Idea. It Had The Effect Of Drawing The Russians Into The Afghan Trap And You Want Me To Regret It? The Day That The Soviets Officially Crossed The Border, I Wrote To President Carter. We Now Have The Opportunity Of Giving To The Ussr Its Vietnam War. Indeed, For Almost 10 Years, Moscow Had To Carry On A War Unsupportable By The Government, A Conflict That Brought About The Demoralization And Finally The Breakup Of The Soviet Empire.

America Has Exercised Its Power To Insist On Elections In Palestine, Which Hamas Did Win. Once They Won, We Then Engaged In A Policy Not Only Of Ostracism, But By Financial Boycott, In Effect Of Undermining It, And Creating More Tension And Radicalism And Poverty In Gaza, Which Was Susceptible To Exploitation By Hamas.

Henceforth, The United States May Have To Determine How To Cope With Regional Coalitions That Seek To Push America Out Of Eurasia, Thereby Threatening America's Status As A Global Power.

With The More Endowed Nations Constrained By Their Own Higher Technological Capacity For Self-destruction As Well As By Self Interest, War May Have Become A Luxury That Only The Poor Peoples Of This World Can Afford.

We Have To Make A Really Cold Judgement. Would The Consequence Of Civil War Be More Devastating Than The Consequences Of Staying The Course?.

The Society Will Be Dominated By An Elite Of Persons Free From Traditional Values Who Will Have No Doubt In Fulfilling Their Objectives By Means Of Purged Techniques With Which They Will Influence The Behavior Of People And Will Control And Watch The Society In All Details. It Will Become Possible To Exert A Practically Permanent Watch On Each Citizen Of The World.

It Certainly Would Be Possible For America To Redefine Its Role In The World, Especially If, In The Short Run, America Is Able To Cope Effectively With The Ongoing Dilemma In The Middle East.

Our World Is Integrated To An Unprecedented Degree, While The Global Political Awakening Is Injecting Into Interstate Relations An Intense Amount Of Tension, Emotion, Even Irrationality, Which Could Cumulatively Produce Circumstances That Preclude An Effective And Genuinely Shared Universal Response To New Global Problems.

The Key Point To Bear In Mind Is That Russia Cannot Be In Europe Without Ukraine Also Being In Europe, Whereas Ukraine Can Be In Europe Without Russia Being In Europe.

Russia's Only Real Geostrategic Option - The Option That Would Give Russia A Realistic International Role And Also Maximize The Opportunity Of Transforming And Socially Modernizing Itself - Is Europe.

We Look A Little Bit Disorderly, Indecisive, Leaderless. That's A Real Problem, And That's A Problem That Concerns Me Particularly On Foreign Affairs. The Presidency, Not Just President Obama, But The Presidency In Recent Years Has Lost Some Of The Terrain That They Used To Dominate In The Making Of Foreign Policy. I Think President Obama Has To Make A Serious Effort To Regain It Because He Lost Some Of It Himself.

Lets Cooperate And Challenge The Administration To Cooperate With Us Because Within The Administration There Are Also Moderates And People Who Are Not Fully Comfortable With The Tendencies That Have Prevailed In Recent Times.

The Language Of The Internet Is English, And An Overwhelming Proportion Of The Global Computer Chatter Also Originates From America, Influencing The Content Of Global Conversation.

Indeed, For Almost 10 Years, Moscow Had To Carry On A War In Afghanistan, Unsupportable By The Government, A Conflict That Brought About The Demoralization And Finally The Breakup Of The Soviet Empire.

Today, With America Being A Beleaguered Global Power, In Part Because Of Its Own Mistakes, It Is Absolutely Essential That The American Democracy Refocuses Its Concerns Towards Global Issues And Does Not Approach Its Own Specific Problems On The Basis Of, To Some Extend, Self-induced Fear.

Persisting Social Crisis, The Emergence Of A Charismatic Personality, And The Exploitation Of Mass Media To Obtain Public Confidence Would Be The Steppingstones In The Piecemeal Transformation Of The United States Into A Highly Controlled Society.

I Think It Is Important To Ask Ourselves As Citizens, Not As Democrats Attacking The Administration, But As Citizens, Whether A World Power Can Really Provide Global Leadership On The Basis Of Fear And Anxiety?

Sovereignty Is A Word That Is Used Often But It Has Really No Specific Meaning. Sovereignty Today Is Nominal. Any Number Of Countries That Are Sovereign Are Sovereign Only Nominally And Relatively.

There Is Crisis In Europe, Where Russia Is The Principle Intriguer And Player, Which Affects A Major Source Of International Business And Flow Of Capital.

Yes, Isis Is A Threat. It's More Than A Nuisance. It's Also In Many Respects Criminal Violence. But It Isn't, In My View, A Central Strategic Issue Facing Humanity.

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Marian Wright Edelman

Talcott Parsons

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