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It Is Only Because A Person Has Volitions Of The Second Order That He Is Capable Both Of Enjoying And Of Lacking Freedom Of The Will.

-Harry Frankfurt

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It Is Only Because

Harry Frankfurt

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It Is Only Because A Person Has Volitions Of The Second Order That He Is Capable Both Of Enjoying And Of Lacking Freedom Of The Will.

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Someone Who Lies And Someone Who Tells The Truth Are Playing On Opposite Sides, So To Speak, In The Same Game. Each Responds To The Facts As He Understands Them, Although The Response Of The One Is Guided By The Authority Of The Truth, While The Response Of The Other Defies That Authority And Refuses To Meet Its Demands. The Bullshitter Ignores These Demands Altogether. He Does Not Reject The Authority Of The Truth, As The Liar Does, And Oppose Himself To It. He Pays No Attention To It At All. By Virtue Of This, Bullshit Is A Greater Enemy Of The Truth Than Lies Are.

One Of The Most Salient Features Of Our Culture Is That There Is So Much Bullshit.

Recognizing Truth Requires Selflessness. You Have To Leave Yourself Out Of It So You Can Find Out The Way Things Are In Themselves, Not The Way They Look To You Or How You Feel About Them Or How You Would Like Them To Be.

It Is Impossible For Someone To Lie Unless He Thinks He Knows The Truth. A Person Who Lies Is Thereby Responding To The Truth, And He Is To That Extent Respectful Of It.

The Bullshitter Is Neither On The Side Of The True Or The Side Of The False. His Eye Is Not On The Facts At All. He Does Not Reject The Authority Of The Truth, As The Liar Does, And Oppose Himself To It. He Pays No Attention To It At All. By Virtue Of This, Bullshit Is A Greater Enemy Of The Truth Than Lies Are.

Bullshit Is A Greater Enemy Of The Truth Than Lies Are.

The Fact About Himself That The Liar Hides Is That He Is Attempting To Lead Us Away From A Correct Apprehension Of Reality; We Are Not To Know That He Wants Us To Believe Something He Supposes To Be False. The Fact About Himself That The Bullshitter Hides, On The Other Hand, Is That The Truth-values Of His Statements Are Of No Central Interest To Him . . . He Does Not Care Whether The Things He Says Describe Reality Correctly. He Just Picks Them Out, Or Makes Them Up, To Suit His Purpose.

As A Philosopher, I'm Not Obliged To Explore Every Unknown Wilderness.

I Was Raised In Brooklyn And In Baltimore. My Father Was A Bookkeeper. When I Was 36 Years Old, My Mother Told Me I Was Adopted.

Bullshit Is Unavoidable When Circumstances Require Someone To Talk Without Knowing What He Is Talking About. Thus, The Production Of Bullshit Is Stimulated Whenever A Person's Obligations Or Opportunities To Speak About Some Topic Exceed His Knowledge Of The Facts That Are Relevant To That Topic. This Discrepancy Is Common In Public Life, Where People Are Frequently Impelled-whether By Their Own Propensities Or By The Demands Of Others - To Speak Extensively About Matters Of Which They Are To Some Degree Ignorant.

One Of The Most Salient Features Of Our Culture Is That There Is So Much Bullshit. Everyone Knows This. Each Of Us Contributes His Share. But We Tend To Take The Situation For Granted. Most People Are Rather Confident Of Their Ability To Recognize Bullshit And To Avoid Being Taken In By It. So The Phenomenon Has Not Aroused Much Deliberate Concern, Or Attracted Much Sustained Inquiry. In Consequence, We Have No Clear Understanding Of What Bullshit Is, Why There Is So Much Of It, Or What Functions It Serves.

Bullshit Is Unavoidable Whenever Circumstance Require Someone To Talk Without Knowing What He Is Talking About.

It Is Impossible For Someone To Lie Unless He Thinks He Knows The Truth. Producing Bullshit Requires No Such Conviction.

I Used To Teach At Yale, Which Was At One Time A Center Of Postmodernist Literary Theory. Derrida Was There. Paul De Man Was There.

Literary Theory

There Are Significant Relationships, Of Course, Between Wanting Things And Caring About Them..the Notion Of Caring Is In Large Part Constructed Out Of The Notion Of Desire. Caring About Something May Be, In The End, Nothing More Than A Certain Complex Mode Of Wanting It. However, Simply Attributing Desire To A Person Does Not In Itself Convey That The Person Cares About The Object He Desires.

It Is Only Because A Person Has Volitions Of The Second Order That He Is Capable Both Of Enjoying And Of Lacking Freedom Of The Will.

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