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In The Long Run My Observations Have Convinced Me That Some Men, Reasoning Preposterously, First Establish Some Conclusion In Their Minds Which, Either Because Of Its Being Their Own Or Because Of Their Having Received It From Some Person Who Has Their Entire Confidence, Impresses Them So Deeply That One Finds It Impossible Ever To Get It Out Of Their Heads.

-Galileo Galilei

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In The Long Run

Galileo Galilei

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In The Long Run My Observations Have Convinced Me That Some Men, Reasoning Preposterously, First Establish Some Conclusion In Their Minds Which, Either Because Of Its Being Their Own Or Because Of Their Having Received It From Some Person Who Has Their Entire Confidence, Impresses Them So Deeply That One Finds It Impossible Ever To Get It Out Of Their Heads.

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[copernicus] Did Not Ignore The Bible, But He Knew Very Well That If His Doctrine Were Proved, Then It Could Not Contradict The Scriptures When They Were Rightly Understood.

The Greatest Wisdom Is To Get To Know Oneself.

Greatest Wisdom

Knowing Oneself

Oh, My Dear Kepler, How I Wish That We Could Have One Hearty Laugh Together. Here, At Padua, Is The Principal Professor Of Philosophy, Whom I Have Repeatedly And Urgently Requested To Look At The Moon And Planets Through My Glass, [telescope] Which He Pertinaciously Refuses To Do. Why Are You Not Here? What Shouts Of Laughter We Should Have At This Glorious Folly! And To Hear The Professor Of Philosophy At Pisa Laboring Before The Grand Duke With Logical Arguments, As If With Magical Incantations, To Charm The New Planets Out Of The Sky.

They Who Depend Upon Manifest Observations Will Philosophize Better Than Those Who Persist In Opinions Repugnant To The Senses.

The Surface Of The Moon Is Not Smooth, Uniform, And Precisely Spherical As A Great Number Of Philosophers Believe It To Be, But Is Uneven, Rough, And Full Of Cavities And Prominences, Being Not Unlike The Face Of The Earth, Relieved By Chains Of Mountains And Deep Valleys.

I Am Inclined To Think That The Authority Of Holy Scripture Is Intended To Convince Men Of Those Truths Which Are Necessary For Their Salvation, Which, Being Far Above Man's Understanding, Can Not Be Made Credible By Any Learning, Or Any Other Means Than Revelation By The Holy Spirit.

I Believe That The Intention Of Holy Writ Was To Persuade Men Of The Truths Necessary To Salvation; Such As Neither Science Nor Other Means Could Render Credible, But Only The Voice Of The Holy Spirit.

For My Part I Consider The Earth Very Noble And Admirable Precisely Because Of The Diverse Alterations, Changes, Generations, Etc. That Occur In It Incessantly.

One Can Understand Nature Only When One Has Learned The Language And The Signs In Which It Speaks To Us; But This Language Is Mathematics And These Signs Are Methematical Figures.

See Now The Power Of Truth; The Same Experiment Which At First Glance Seemed To Show One Thing, When More Carefully Examined, Assures Us Of The Contrary.

Nature Is Written In Mathematical Language.

In Regard To The Philosophers, If They Be True Philosophers, I.e., Lovers Of Truth, They Should Not Be Irritated That The Earth Moves. Rather, If They Realize That They Have Held A False Belief, They Should Thank Those Have Shown Them The Truth; And If Their Opinion Stands Firm That The Earth Doesn't Move, They Will Have Reason To Boast Than Be Angered.

In My Studies Of Astronomy And Philosophy I Hold This Opinion About The Universe, That The Sun Remains Fixed In The Centre Of The Circle Of Heavenly Bodies, Without Changing Its Place; And The Earth, Turning Upon Itself, Moves Round The Sun.

I Think That In The Discussion Of Natural Problems We Ought To Begin Not With The Scriptures, But With Experiments, And Demonstrations.

Nothing Can Be Taught To A Man, Only It's Possibly To Help Him To Discover It Inside.

The Deeper I Go In Considering The Vanities Of Popular Reasoning, The Lighter And More Foolish I Find Them. What Greater Stupidity Can Be Imagined Than That Of Calling Jewels, Silver, And Gold "precious," And Earth And Soil "base"?

To Understand The Universe, You Must Understand The Language In Which It's Written, The Language Of Mathematics.

Nothing Occurs Contrary To Nature Except The Impossible, And That Never Occurs.

It Is Necessary For The Bible, In Order To Be Accommodated To The Understanding Of Every Man, To Speak Many Things Which Appear To Differ From The Absolute Truth So Far As The Bare Meaning Of The Words Is Concerned.

All Truths Are Easy To Understand Once They Are Discovered; The Point Is To Discover Them.

Facts Which At First Seem Improbable Will, Even On Scant Explanation, Drop The Cloak Which Has Hidden Them And Stand Forth In Naked And Simple Beauty.

We See Only The Simple Motion Of Descent, Since That Other Circular One Common To The Earth, The Tower, And Ourselves Remains Imperceptible. There Remains Perceptible To Us Only That Of The Stone, Which Is Not Shared By Us; And, Because Of This, Sense Shows It As By A Straight Line, Always Parallel To The Tower, Which Is Built Upright And Perpendicular Upon The Terrestrial Surface.

I Would Say Here Something That Was Heard From An Ecclesiastic Of The Most Eminent Degree: The Intention Of The Holy Spirit Is To Teach Us How One Goes To Heaven, Not How The Heavens Go.

They Seemed To Forget That The Increase Of Known Truths Stimulates The Investigation, Establishment And Growth Of The Arts; Not Their Dimination Or Destruction.

Spots Are On The Surface Of The Solar Body Where They Are Produced And Also Dissolved, Some In Shorter And Others In Longer Periods. They Are Carried Around The Sun; An Important Occurrence In Itself.

Their Vain Presumption Of Knowing All Can Take Beginning Solely From Their Never Having Known Anything; For If One Has But Once Experienced The Perfect Knowledge Of One Thing, And Truly Tasted What It Is To Know, He Shall Perceive That Of Infinite Other Conclusions He Understands Not So Much As One.

Nature...does Not Act By Means Of Many Things When It Can Do So By Means Of A Few.

Wine Is Sunlight, Held Together By Water.

The Theologians Also Should Not Be Irritated. For If They Find That This Opinion Is False, Then They Would Be Free To Condemn It; And If They Discover That It Is True, They Ought To Thank Those Who Have Opened The Way To Finding The True Sense Of The Scriptures And Who Have Prevented Them From Falling Into The Grave Scandal Of Condemning A True Proposition.

Nonetheless, It Moves.

Who Would Dare Assert That We Know All There Is To Be Known?

The Sun, With All Those Planets Revolving Around It And Dependent On It, Can Still Ripen A Bunch Of Grapes As If It Had Nothing Else In The Universe To Do.

It Reveals To Me The Causes Of Many Natural Phenomena That Are Entirely Incomprehensible In The Light Of The Generally Accepted Hypotheses. To Refute The Latter I Collected Many Proofs, But I Do Not Publish Them ... I Would Dare To Publish My Speculations If There Were People Men Like You.

Nothing Physical Which Sense-experience Sets Before Our Eyes, Or Which Necessary Demonstrations Prove To Us, Ought To Be Called In Question (much Less Condemned) Upon The Testimony Of Biblical Passages...

Holy Scripture Could Never Lie Or Err...its Decrees Are Of Absolute And Inviolable Truth.

In Questions Of Science, The Authority Of A Thousand Is Not Worth The Humble Reasoning Of A Single Individual.

The Number Of People That Can Reason Well Is Much Smaller Than Those That Can Reason Badly. If Reasoning Were Like Hauling Rocks, Then Several Reasoners Might Be Better Than One. But Reasoning Isn't Like Hauling Rocks, It's Like, It's Like Racing, Where A Single, Galloping Barbary Steed Easily Outruns A Hundred Wagon-pulling Horses.

Knowing Thyself, That Is The Greatest Wisdom.

Greatest Wisdom

Long Experience Has Taught Me This About The Status Of Mankind With Regard To Matters Requiring Thought: The Less People Know And Understand About Them, The More Positively They Attempt To Argue Concerning Them, While On The Other Hand To Know And Understand A Multitude Of Things Renders Men Cautious In Passing Judgment Upon Anything New.

But, Because My Private Lectures And Domestic Pupils Are A Great Hinderance And Intteruption Of My Studies, I Wish To Live Entirely Exempt From The Former, And In Great Measure From The Latter. ... In Short, I Should Wish To Gain My Bread From My Writings.

Names And Attributes Must Be Accommodated To The Essence Of Things, And Not The Essence To The Names, Since Things Come First And Names Afterwards.

I Do Not Know What To Say In A Case So Surprising, So Unlooked For And So Novel.

To Command Their Professors Of Astronomy To Refute Their Own Observations Is To Command Them Not To See What They Do See And Not To Understand What They Do Understand.

It Is Very Pious To Say And Prudent To Affirm That The Holy Bible Can Never Speak Untruth -- Whenever Its True Meaning Is Understood. But I Believe Nobody Will Deny That It Is Often Very Abstruse, And May Say Things Which Are Quite Different From Wha.

Nature Is Relentless And Unchangeable, And It Is Indifferent As To Whether Its Hidden Reasons And Actions Are Understandable To Man Or Not.

E Pur Si Muove. "albeit It Does Move". (that's What Galileo Purportedly Muttered After Torturers Forced Him To Recant His Theory That The Earth Orbits The Sun.)

That Sculpture Is More Admirable Than Painting For The Reason That It Contains Relief And Painting Does Not Is Completely False. ... Rather, How Much More Admirable The Painting Must Be Considered, If Having No Relief At All, It Appears To Have As Much As Sculpture!

It Vexes Me When They Would Constrain Science By The Authority Of The Scriptures, And Yet Do Not Consider Themselves Bound To Answer Reason And Experiment.

I Wish, My Dear Kepler, That We Could Have A Good Laugh Together At The Extraordinary Stupidity Of The Mob. What Do You Think Of The Foremost Philosophers Of This University? In Spite Of My Oft-repeated Efforts And Invitations, They Have Refused, With The Obstinacy Of A Glutted Adder, To Look At The Planets Or The Moon Or My Glass [telescope].

The Bible Shows The Way To Go To Heaven, Not The Way The Heavens Go.

The Earth, In Fair And Grateful Exchange, Pays Back To The Moon An Illumination Similar To That Which It Receives From Her Throughout Nearly All The Darkest Gloom Of The Night.

Two Truths Cannot Contradict One Another.

I Truly Believe The Book Of Philosophy To Be That Which Stands Perpetually Open Before Our Eyes, Though Since It Is Written In Characters Different From Those Of Our Alphabet It Cannot Be Read By Everyone.

I Have Never Met A Man So Ignorant That I Couldn't Learn Something From Him.

I Would Beg The Wise And Learned Fathers [of The Church] To Consider With All Diligence The Difference Which Exists Between Matters Of Mere Opinion And Matters Of Demonstration.

The Difficulties In The Study Of The Infinite Arise Because We Attempt, With Our Finite Minds, To Discuss The Infinite, Assigning To It Those Properties Which We Give To The Finite And Limited; But This... Is Wrong, For We Cannot Speak Of Infinite Quantities As Being The One Greater Or Less Than Or Equal To Another.

The Doctrine That The Earth Is Neither The Center Of The Universe Nor Immovable, But Moves Even With A Daily Rotation, Is Absurd, And Both Philosophically And Theologically False, And At The Least An Error Of Faith.

Mathematics Is The Key And Door To The Sciences.

The Divine Intellect Indeed Knows Infinitely More Propositions [than We Can Ever Know]. But With Regard To Those Few Which The Human Intellect Does Understand, I Believe That Its Knowledge Equals The Divine In Objective Certainty.

Mathematics Is The Language With Which God Has Written The Universe.

The Universe Is A Grand Book Which Cannot Be Read Until One First Learns To Comprehend The Language And Become Familiar With The Characters In Which It Is Composed. It Is Written In The Language Of Mathematics.

Surely It Is A Great Thing To Increase The Numerous Host Of Fixed Stars Previously Visible To The Unaided Vision, Adding Countless More Which Have Never Before Been Seen, Exposing These Plainly To The Eye In Numbers Ten Times Exceeding The Old And Familiar Stars.

I Do Not Think It Is Necessary To Believe That The Same God Who Has Given Us Our Senses, Reason, And Intelligence Wished Us To Abandon Their Use, Giving Us By Some Other Means The Information That We Could Gain Through Them.

With Regard To Matters Requiring Thought: The Less People Know And Understand About Them, The More Positively They Attempt To Argue Concerning Them.

The Book Of Nature Is Written In The Language Of Mathematics.

It Seems To Me That It Was Well Said By Madama Serenissima, And Insisted On By Your Reverence, That The Holy Scripture Cannot Err, And That The Decrees Therein Contained Are Absolutely True And Inviolable. But I Should Have In Your Place Added That, Though Scripture Cannot Err, Its Expounders And Interpreters Are Liable To Err In Many Ways; And One Error In Particular Would Be Most Grave And Most Frequent, If We Always Stopped Short At The Literal Signification Of The Words.

In The Sciences, The Authority Of Thousands Of Opinions Is Not Worth As Much As One Tiny Spark Of Reason In An Individual Man.

The Laws Of Nature Are Written In The Language Of Mathematics...the Symbols Are Triangles, Circles And Other Geometrical Figures, Without Whose Help It Is Impossible To Comprehend A Single Word.

Where The Senses Fail Us, Reason Must Step In.

I Therefore Concluded, And Decided Unhesitatingly, That There Are Three Stars In The Heavens Moving About Jupiter, As Venus And Mercury About The Sun; Which At Length Was Established As Clear As Daylight By Numerous Other Observations.

In Time You May Discover Everything That Can Be Discovered, And Still Your Progress Will Only Be Progress Away From Humanity. The Distance Between You And Them Can One Day Become So Great That Your Joyous Cry Over Some New Gain Could Be Answered By An Universal Shriek Of Horror.

Alas! Your Dear Friend And Servant Galileo Has Been For The Last Month Hopelessly Blind; So That This Heaven, This Earth, This Universe, Which I By My Marvelous Discoveries And Clear Demonstrations Had Enlarged A Hundred Thousand Times Beyond The Belief Of The Wise Men Of Bygone Ages, Henceforward For Me Is Shrunk Into Such A Small Space As Is Filled By My Own Bodily Sensations.

When The Moon Is Ninety Degrees Away From The Sun It Sees But Half The Earth Illuminated (the Western Half). For The Other (the Eastern Half) Is Enveloped In Night. Hence The Moon Itself Is Illuminated Less Brightly From The Earth, And As A Result Its Secondary Light Appears Fainter To Us.

To Be Humane, We Must Ever Be Ready To Pronounce That Wise, Ingenious And Modest Statement 'i Do Not Know'.

Scripture Is A Book About Going To Heaven. It's Not A Book About How The Heavens Go.

Going To Heaven

I, Galileo, Son Of The Late Vicenzo Galilei, Swear That I Never Said That The Prime Numbers Are Useless. What I Said Was That You Cannot Count Lunar Craters By Counting 2, 3, 5, 7.

But Of All Other Stupendous Inventions, What Sublimity Of Mind Must Have Been His Who Conceived How To Communicate His Most Secret Thoughts To Any Other Person, Though Very Far Distant Either In Time Or Place? And With No Greater Difficulty Than The Various Arrangement Of Two Dozen Little Signs Upon Paper? Let This Be The Seal Of All The Admirable Inventions Of Man.

Some, Merely To Contradict What I Had Said, Did Not Scruple To Cast Doubt Upon Things They Had Seen With Their Own Eyes Again And Again.

You Can't Teach Anybody Anything, Only Make Them Realize The Answers Are Already Inside Them.

Inspirational Life

You Cannot Teach A Person Something He Does Not Already Know, You Can Only Bring What He Does Know To His Awareness.

Well, Since Paradoxes Are At Hand, Let Us See How It Might Be Demonstrated That In A Finite Continuous Extension It Is Not Impossible For Infinitely Many Voids To Be Found.

There Are Those Who Reason Well, But They Are Greatly Outnumbered By Those Who Reason Badly.

I Am Certainly Interested In A Tribunal In Which, For Having Used My Reason, I Was Deemed Little Less Than A Heretic. Who Knows But Men Will Reduce Me From The Profession Of A Philosopher To That Of Historian Of The Inquisition!

Holy Writ Was Intended To Teach Men How To Go To Heaven Not How The Heavens Go.

Philosophy Itself Cannot But Benefit From Our Disputes, For If Our Conceptions Prove True, New Achievements Will Be Made; If False, Their Refutation Will Further Confirm The Original Doctrines.

Being Infinitely Amazed, So Do I Give Thanks To God, Who Has Been Pleased To Make Me The First Observer Of Marvelous Things, Unrevealed To Bygone Ages.

The Hypothesis Is Pretty; Its Only Fault Is That It Is Neither Demonstrated Nor Demonstrable. Who Does Not See That This Is Purely Arbitrary Fiction That Puts Nothingness As Existing And Proposes Nothing More Than Simple Noncontradiciton?

The Vain Presumption Of Understanding Everything Can Have No Other Basis Than Never Having Understood Anything. For Anyone Who Had Ever Experienced Just Once The Perfect Understanding Of One Single Thing, And Had Truly Tasted How Knowledge Is Accomplished, Would Recognize That Of The Infinity Of Other Truths He Understands Nothing.

Measure What Is Measurable, And Make Measurable What Is Not So.

In The Long Run My Observations Have Convinced Me That Some Men, Reasoning Preposterously, First Establish Some Conclusion In Their Minds Which, Either Because Of Its Being Their Own Or Because Of Their Having Received It From Some Person Who Has Their Entire Confidence, Impresses Them So Deeply That One Finds It Impossible Ever To Get It Out Of Their Heads.

What Ever The Course Of Our Lives, We Should Recieve Them As The Highest Gift From The Hand Of God, In Which Equally Reposed The Power To Do Nothing Whatever For Us. Indeed, We Should Accept Misfortune Not Only In Thanks, But In Infinite Gratitude To Providence, Which By Such Means Detaches Us From An Excessive Love For Earthly Things And Elevates Our Minds To The Celestial And Divine.

But Let Us Remember That We Are Dealing With Infinities And Indivisibles Both Of Which Transcend Our Finite Understanding, The Former On Account Of Their Magnitude, The Latter Because Of Their Smallness.

My Dear Kepler, What Would You Say Of The Learned Here, Who, Replete With The Pertinacity Of The Asp, Have Steadfastly Refused To Cast A Glance Through The Telescope? What Shall We Make Of This? Shall We Laugh, Or Shall We Cry?

And Believe Me, If I Were Again Beginning My Studies, I Should Follow The Advice Of Plato And Start With The Mathematical Sciences, Which Proceed Very Cautiously And Admit Nothing As Established Until It Has Been Rigorously Demonstrated.

But Some, Besides Allegiance To Their Original Error, Possess I Know Not What Fanciful Interest In Remaining Hostile Not So Much Toward The Things In Question As Toward Their Discoverer.

To Excite In Us Tastes, Odors, And Sounds I Believe That Nothing Is Required In External Bodies Except Shapes, Numbers, And Slow Or Rapid Movements. ... If Ears, Tongues, And Noses Were Removed, Shapes And Numbers And Motions Would Remain, But Not Odors Or Tastes Or Sounds.

Surely, God Could Have Caused Birds To Fly With Their Bones Made Of Solid Gold, With Their Veins Full Of Quicksilver, With Their Flesh Heavier Than Lead, And With Their Wings Exceedingly Small. He Did Not, And That Ought To Show Something. It Is Only In Order To Shield Your Ignorance That You Put The Lord At Every Turn To The Refuge Of A Miracle.

Science Proceeds More By What It Has Learned To Ignore Than What It Takes Into Account.

Among The Great Men Who Have Philosophized About [the Action Of The Tides], The One Who Surprised Me Most Is Kepler. He Was A Person Of Independent Genius, [but He] Became Interested In The Action Of The Moon On The Water, And In Other Occult Phenomena, And Similar Childishness.

What Has Philosophy Got To Do With Measuring Anything? It's The Mathematicians You Have To Trust, And They Measure The Skies Like We Measure A Field.

Nature . . . Is Inexorable And Immutable; She Never Transgresses The Laws Imposed Upon Her, Nor Cares A Whit Whether Her Abstruse Reasons And Methods Of Operations Are Understandable To Men.

You May Force Me To Say What You Wish; You May Revile Me For Saying What I Do. But It Moves.

God Is Known By Nature In His Works, And By Doctrine In His Revealed Word.

It Was Granted To Me Alone To Discover All The New Phenomena In The Sky And Nothing To Anybody Else. This Is The Truth Which Neither Envy Nor Malice Can Supress.

The Laws Of Nature Are Written By The Hand Of God In The Language Of Mathematics.

We Must Say That There Are As Many Squares As There Are Numbers.

By Denying Scientific Principles, One May Maintain Any Paradox.

The Milky Way Is Nothing Else But A Mass Of Innumerable Stars Planted Together In Clusters.

Measure What Can Be Measured, And Make Measureable What Cannot Be Measured.

If You Could See The Earth Illuminated When You Were In A Place As Dark As Night, It Would Look To You More Splendid Than The Moon.

I Cannot But Be Astonished That Sarsi Should Persist In Trying To Prove By Means Of Witnesses Something That I May See For Myself At Any Time By Means Of Experiment. Witnesses Are Examined In Doutbful Matters Which Are Past And Transient, Not In Those Which Are Actual And Present. A Judge Must Seek By Means Of Witnesses To Determine Whether Peter Injured John Last Night, But Not Whether John Was Injured, Since The Judge Can See That For Himself.

It Is Surely Harmful To Souls To Make It A Heresy To Believe What Is Proved.

Take Note, Theologians, That In Your Desire To Make Matters Of Faith Out Of Propositions Relating To The Fixity Of Sun And Earth You Run The Risk Of Eventually Having To Condemn As Heretics Those Who Would Declare The Earth To Stand Still And The Sun To Change Position-eventually, I Say, At Such A Time As It Might Be Physically Or Logically Proved That The Earth Moves And The Sun Stands Still.

If Experiments Are Performed Thousands Of Times At All Seasons And In Every Place Without Once Producing The Effects Mentioned By Your Philosophers, Poets, And Historians, This Will Mean Nothing And We Must Believe Their Words Rather Than Our Own Eyes?

The Prohibition Of Science Would Be Contrary To The Bible, Which In Hundreds Of Places Teaches Us How The Greatness And The Glory Of God Shine Forth Marvelously In All His Works, And Is To Be Read Above All In The Open Book Of The Heavens.

They Know That It Is Human Nature To Take Up Causes Whereby A Man May Oppress His Neighbor, No Matter How Unjustly. ... Hence They Have Had No Trouble In Finding Men Who Would Preach The Damnability And Heresy Of The New Doctrine From The Very Pulpit.

It Is A Beautiful And Delightful Sight To Behold The Body Of The Moon.

Philosophy [nature] Is Written In That Great Book Which Ever Is Before Our Eyes -- I Mean The Universe -- But We Cannot Understand It If We Do Not First Learn The Language And Grasp The Symbols In Which It Is Written. The Book Is Written In Mathematical Language, And The Symbols Are Triangles, Circles And Other Geometrical Figures, Without Whose Help It Is Impossible To Comprehend A Single Word Of It; Without Which One Wanders In Vain Through A Dark Labyrinth.

See Now The Power Of Truth.

If There Were As Great A Scarcity Of Soil As Of Jewels Or Precious Metals, There Would Not Be A Prince Who Would Not Spend A Bushel Of Diamonds And Rubies And A Cartload Of Gold Just To Have Enough Earth To Plant A Jasmine In A Little Pot, Or To Sow An Orange Seed And Watch It Sprout, Grow, And Produce Its Handsome Leaves, Its Fragrant Flowers, And Fine Fruit.

I Have Been Judged Vehemently Suspect Of Heresy, That Is, Of Having Held And Believed That The Sun In The Centre Of The Universe And Immoveable, And That The Earth Is Not At The Center Of Same, And That It Does Move. Wishing However, To Remove From The Minds Of Your Eminences And All Faithful Christians This Vehement Suspicion Reasonably Conceived Against Me, I Abjure With A Sincere Heart And Unfeigned Faith, I Curse And Detest The Said Errors And Heresies, And Generally All And Every Error, Heresy, And Sect Contrary To The Holy Catholic Church. (quoted In Shea And Artigas 194)

The Grand Duke [of Tuscany] ...after Observing The Medicaean Plants Several Times With Me ... Has Now Invited Me To Attach Myself To Him With The Annual Salary Of One Thousand Florins, And With The Title Of Philosopher And Principal Mathematicial To His Highness; Without The Duties Of Office To Perform, But With The Most Complete Leisure; So That I Can Complete My Treatises.

But What Exceeds All Wonders, I Have Discovered Four New Planets And Observed Their Proper And Particular Motions, Different Among Themselves And From The Motions Of All The Other Stars; And These New Planets Move About Another Very Large Star [jupiter] Like Venus And Mercury, And Perchance The Other Known Planets, Move About The Sun. As Soon As This Tract, Which I Shall Send To All The Philosophers And Mathematicians As An Announcement, Is Finished, I Shall Send A Copy To The Most Serene Grand Duke, Together With An Excellent Spyglass, So That He Can Verify All These Truths.

Philosophy Is Written In That Great Book Which Ever Lies Before Our Eyes — I Mean The Universe — But We Cannot Understand It If We Do Not First Learn The Language And Grasp The Symbols, In Which It Is Written.

Nature's Great Book Is Written In Mathematics.

I Would Beg The Wise And Learned Fathers (of The Church) To Consider With All Diligence The Difference Which Exists Between Matters Of Mere Opinion And Matters Of Demonstration. ... [i]t Is Not In The Power Of Professors Of The Demonstrative Sciences To Alter Their Opinions At Will, So As To Be Now Of One Way Of Thinking And Now Of Another. ... [d]emonstrated Conclusions About Things In Nature Of The Heavens, Do Not Admit Of Being Altered With The Same Ease As Opinions To What Is Permissible Or Not, Under A Contract, Mortgage, Or Bill Of Exchange.

The Number Of The Fixed Stars Which Observers Have Been Able To See Without Artificial Powers Of Sight Up To This Day Can Be Counted. It Is Therefore Decidedly A Great Feat To Add To Their Number, And To Set Distinctly Before The Eyes Other Stars In Myriads, Which Have Never Been Seen Before, And Which Surpass The Old, Previously Known Stars In Number More Than Ten Times.

And Who Can Doubt That It Will Lead To The Worst Disorders When Minds Created Free By God Are Compelled To Submit Slavishly To An Outside Will? When We Are Told To Deny Our Senses And Subject Them To The Whim Of Others? When People Devoid Of Whatsoever Competence Are Made Judges Over Experts And Are Granted Authority To Treat Them As They Please? These Are The Novelties Which Are Apt To Bring About The Ruin Of Commonwealths And The Subversion Of The State.

I Abjure With A Sincere Heart And Unfeigned Faith, I Curse And Detest The Said Errors And Heresies, And Generally All And Every Error And Sect Contrary To The Holy Catholic Church.

Vision, I Say, Is Related To Light Itself. But Of This Sensation And The Things Pertaining To It, I Pretend To Understand But Little; And Since Even A Long Time Would Not Suffice To Explain That Trifle, Or Even To Hint At An Explanation, I Pass Over This In Silence.

Showing A Greater Fondness For Their Own Opinions Than For Truth, They Sought To Deny And Disprove The New Things Which, If They Had Cared To Look For Themselves, Their Own Senses Would Have Demonstrated To Them.

It Has Always Seemed To Me Extreme Presumptuousness On The Part Of Those Who Want To Make Human Ability The Measure Of What Nature Can And Knows How To Do, Since, When One Comes Down To It, There Is Not One Effect In Nature, No Matter How Small, That Even The Most Speculative Minds Can Fully Understand.

I Do Not Feel Obliged To Believe That The Same God Who Has Endowed Us With Senses, Reason, And Intellect Has Intended Us To Forego Their Use.

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