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I Think That Modern Physics Has Definitely Decided In Favor Of Plato. In Fact The Smallest Units Of Matter Are Not Physical Objects In The Ordinary Sense; They Are Forms, Ideas Which Can Be Expressed Unambiguously Only In Mathematical Language.

-Werner Heisenberg

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I Think That Modern

Werner Heisenberg

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I Think That Modern Physics Has Definitely Decided In Favor Of Plato. In Fact The Smallest Units Of Matter Are Not Physical Objects In The Ordinary Sense; They Are Forms, Ideas Which Can Be Expressed Unambiguously Only In Mathematical Language.

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The Same Organizing Forces That Have Shaped Nature In All Her Forms Are Also Responsible For The Structure Of Our Minds.

"uncertainty" Is Not "i Don't Know." It Is "i Can't Know." "i Am Uncertain" Does Not Mean "i Could Be Certain."

We Will Have To Abandon The Philosophy Of Democritus And The Concept Of Elementary Particles. We Should Accept Instead The Concept Of Elementary Symmetries.

A Consistent Pursuit Of Classical Physics Forces A Transformation In The Very Heart Of That Physics.

Looking At Something Changes It.

The Violent Reaction On The Recent Development Of Modern Physics Can Only Be Understood When One Realises That Here The Foundations Of Physics Have Started Moving; And That This Motion Has Caused The Feeling That The Ground Would Be Cut From Science

It Seems Sensible To Discard All Hope Of Observing Hitherto Unobservable Quantities, Such As The Position And Period Of The Electron... Instead It Seems More Reasonable To Try To Establish A Theoretical Quantum Mechanics, Analogous To Classical Mechanics, But In Which Only Relations Between Observable Quantities Occur.

The Existing Scientific Concepts Cover Always Only A Very Limited Part Of Reality, And The Other Part That Has Not Yet Been Understood Is Infinite.

Every Word Or Concept, Clear As It May Seem To Be, Has Only A Limited Range Of Applicability.

It Will Never Be Possible By Pure Reason To Arrive At Some Absolute Truth.

Can Quantum Mechanics Represent The Fact That An Electron Finds Itself Approximately In A Given Place And That It Moves Approximately With A Given Velocity, And Can We Make These Approximations So Close That They Do Not Cause Experimental Difficulties?

I Think That Modern Physics Has Definitely Decided In Favor Of Plato. In Fact The Smallest Units Of Matter Are Not Physical Objects In The Ordinary Sense; They Are Forms, Ideas Which Can Be Expressed Unambiguously Only In Mathematical Language.

Unless You Stake Your Life, Life Will Not Be Won.

What We Observe Is Not Nature Itself, But Nature Exposed To Our Method Of Questioning.

Quantum Physics

In The Strict Formulation Of The Law Of Causality—if We Know The Present, We Can Calculate The Future—it Is Not The Conclusion That Is Wrong But The Premise. On An Implication Of The Uncertainty Principle.

Uncertainty Principle

The Positivists Have A Simple Solution: The World Must Be Divided Into That Which We Can Say Clearly And The Rest, Which We Had Better Pass Over In Silence. But Can Anyone Conceive Of A More Pointless Philosophy, Seeing That What We Can Say Clearly Amounts To Next To Nothing? If We Omitted All That Is Unclear, We Would Probably Be Left Completely Uninteresting And Trivial Tautologies.

The Problems Of Language Here Are Really Serious. We Wish To Speak In Some Way About The Structure Of The Atoms. But We Cannot Speak About Atoms In Ordinary Language.

The Structure Underlying The Phenomena Is Not Given By Material Objects Like The Atoms Of Democritus But By The Form That Determines The Material Objects. The Ideas Are More Fundamental Than The Objects.

The Discontinuous 'reduction Of The Wave Packets' Which Cannot Be Derived From Schroedinger's Equation Is ... A Consequence Of The Transition From The Possible To The Actual.

The Solution Of The Difficulty Is That The Two Mental Pictures Which Experiment Lead Us To Form - The One Of The Particles, The Other Of The Waves - Are Both Incomplete And Have Only The Validity Of Analogies Which Are Accurate Only In Limiting Cases.

The Very Act Of Observing Disturbs The System.

The Physicist May Be Satisfied When He Has The Mathematical Scheme And Knows How To Use For The Interpretation Of The Experiments. But He Has To Speak About His Results Also To Non-physicists Who Will Not Be Satisfied Unless Some Explanation Is Given In Plain Language. Even For The Physicist The Description In Plain Language Will Be The Criterion Of The Degree Of Understanding That Has Been Reached.

The More Closely You Look At One Thing, The Less Closely Can You See Something Else.

Both Matter And Radiation Possess A Remarkable Duality Of Character, As They Sometimes Exhibit The Properties Of Waves, At Other Times Those Of Particles. Now It Is Obvious That A Thing Cannot Be A Form Of Wave Motion And Composed Of Particles At The Same Time - The Two Concepts Are Too Different

By Getting To Smaller And Smaller Units, We Do Not Come To Fundamental Or Indivisible Units. But We Do Come To A Point Where Further Division Has No Meaning.

In General, Scientific Progress Calls For No More Than The Absorption And Elaboration Of New Ideas- And This Is A Call Most Scientists Are Happy To Heed.

Not Only Is The Universe Stranger Than We Think, It Is Stranger Than We Can Think.

Even For The Physicist The Description In Plain Language Will Be A Criterion Of The Degree Of Understanding That Has Been Reached.

Modern Physics Has Changed Nothing In The Great Classical Disciplines Of, For Instance, Mechanics, Optics, And Heat. Only The Conception Of Hitherto Unexplored Regions, Formed Prematurely From A Knowledge Of Only Certain Parts Of The World, Has Undergone A Decisive Transformation. This Conception, However, Is Always Decisive For The Future Course Of Research.

Thus, The More Precisely The Position Is Determined, The Less Precisely The Momentum Is Known, And Conversely.

Uncertainty Principle

It Is Probably True Quite Generally That In The History Of Human Thinking The Most Fruitful Developments Frequently Take Place At Those Points Where Two Different Lines Of Thought Meet. These Lines May Have Their Roots In Quite Different Parts Of Human Nature, In Different Times Or Different Cultural Environments Or Different Religious Traditions: Hence If They Actually Meet, That Is, If They Are At Least So Much Related To Each Other That A Real Interaction Can Take Place, Then One May Hope That New And Interesting Developments May Follow.

It Is Probably True Quite Generally That In The History Of Human Thinking The Most Fruitful Developments Frequently Take Place At Those Points Where Two Different Lines Of Thought Meet.

[t]he Atoms Or Elementary Particles Themselves Are Not Real; They Form A World Of Potentialities Or Possibilities Rather Than One Of Things Or Facts.

Nature Is Made In Such A Way As To Be Able To Be Understood. Or Perhaps I Should Put It-more Correctly-the Other Way Around, And Say That We Are Made In Such A Way As To Be Able To Understand Nature.

You May Object That By Speaking Of Simplicity And Beauty I Am Introducing Aesthetic Criteria Of Truth, And I Frankly Admit That I Am Strongly Attracted By The Simplicity And Beauty Of Mathematical Schemes Which Nature Presents Us. You Must Have Felt This Too: The Almost Frightening Simplicity And Wholeness Of The Relationship, Which Nature Suddenly Spreads Out Before Us.

The More Precise The Measurement Of Position, The More Imprecise The Measurement Of Momentum, And Vice Versa.

Science Clears The Fields On Which Technology Can Build.

The 'path' Comes Into Existence Only When We Observe It.

After The Conversations About Indian Philosophy, Some Of The Ideas Of Quantum Physics That Had Seemed So Crazy Suddenly Made Much More Sense.

Many People Will Tell You That An Expert Is Someone Who Knows A Great Deal About The Subject. To This I Would Object That One Can Never Know Much About Any Subject. I Would Much Prefer The Following Definition: An Expert Is Someone Who Knows Some Of The Worst Mistakes That Can Be Made In The Subject, And How To Avoid Them.

I Believe That The Existence Of The Classical "path" Can Be Pregnantly Formulated As Follows: The "path" Comes Into Existence Only When We Observe It.

Natural Science, Does Not Simply Describe And Explain Nature; It Is Part Of The Interplay Between Nature And Ourselves

Natural Science

When I Meet God, I Am Going To Ask Him Two Questions: Why Relativity ? And Why Turbulence ? I Really Believe He Will Have An Answer For The First.

Every Tool Carries With It The Spirit By Which It Has Been Created.

The World Thus Appears As A Complicated Tissue Of Events, In Which Connections Of Different Kinds Alternate Or Overlap Or Combine And Thereby Determine The Texture Of The Whole.

The Reality We Can Put Into Words Is Never Reality Itself.

I Think That The Discovery Of Antimatter Was Perhaps The Biggest Jump Of All The Big Jumps In Physics In Our Century.

If Nature Leads Us To Mathematical Forms Of Great Simplicity And Beauty - By Forms I Am Referring To Coherent Systems Of Hypothesis, Axioms, Etc. - To Forms That No One Has Previously Encountered, We Cannot Help Thinking That They Are "true," That They Reveal A Genuine Feature Of Nature... You Must Have Felt This Too: The Almost Frightening Simplicity And Wholeness Of Relationships Which Nature Suddenly Spreads Out Before Us And For Which None Of Us Was In The Least Prepared.

Where No Guiding Ideals Are Left To Point The Way, The Scale Of Values Disappears And With It The Meaning Of Our Deeds And Sufferings, And At The End Can Lie Only Negation And Despair. Religion Is Therefore The Foundation Of Ethics, And Ethics The Presupposition Of Life.

My Mind Was Formed By Studying Philosophy, Plato And That Sort Of Thing.

Every Experiment Destroys Some Of The Knowledge Of The System Which Was Obtained By Previous Experiments.

The Exact Sciences Also Start From The Assumption That In The End It Will Always Be Possible To Understand Nature, Even In Every New Field Of Experience, But That We May Make No A Priori Assumptions About The Meaning Of The Word Understand.

The Ontology Of Materialism Rested Upon The Illusion That The Kind Of Existence, The Direct "actuality" Of The World Around Us, Can Be Extrapolated Into The Atomic Range. This Extrapolation Is Impossible, However.

An Expert Is Someone Who Knows Some Of The Worst Mistakes That Can Be Made In His Subject And How To Avoid Them.

Science No Longer Is In The Position Of Observer Of Nature, But Rather Recognizes Itself As Part Of The Interplay Between Man And Nature. The Scientific Method ... Changes And Transforms Its Object: The Procedure Can No Longer Keep Its Distance From The Object.

Nonsense. Space Is Blue And Birds Fly Through It.

The One Who Insists On Never Uttering An Error Must Remain Silent.

Therefore, The Two Processes, That Of Science And That Of Art, Are Not Very Different. Both Science And Art Form In The Course Of The Centuries A Human Language By Which We Can Speak About The More Remote Parts Of Reality, And The Coherent Sets Of Concepts As Well As The Different Styles Of Art Are Different Words Or Groups Of Words In This Language.

...separation Of The Observer From The Phenomenon To Be Observed Is No Longer Possible.

The Incomplete Knowledge Of A System Must Be An Essential Part Of Every Formulation In Quantum Theory. Quantum Theoretical Laws Must Be Of A Statistical Kind. To Give An Example: We Know That The Radium Atom Emits Alpha-radiation. Quantum Theory Can Give Us An Indication Of The Probability That The Alpha-particle Will Leave The Nucleus In Unit Time, But It Cannot Predict At What Precise Point In Time The Emission Will Occur, For This Is Uncertain In Principle.

Incomplete Knowledge

There Is A Fundamental Error In Separating The Parts From The Whole, The Mistake Of Atomizing What Should Not Be Atomized. Unity And Complementarity Constitute Reality.

Nature Allows Only Experimental Situations To Occur Which Can Be Described Within The Framework Of The Formalism Of Quantum Mechanics

Whether We Electrons, Light Quanta, Benzol Molecules, Or Stones, We Shall Always Come Up Against These Two Characteristics, The Corpuscular And The Undular.

The Basic Idea Is To Shove All Fundamental Difficulties Onto The Neutron And To Do Quantum Mechanics In The Nucleus.

Only A Few Know, How Much One Must Know To Know How Little One Knows.

It Was About Three O'clock At Night When The Final Result Of The Calculation [which Gave Birth To Quantum Mechanics] Lay Before Me ... At First I Was Deeply Shaken ... I Was So Excited That I Could Not Think Of Sleep. So I Left The House ... And Awaited The Sunrise On Top Of A Rock.

Whenever We Proceed From The Known To The Unkown We May Hope To Understand, But We May Have To Learn At The Same Time A New Meaning Of The Word 'understanding'

Quantum Theory Provides Us With A Striking Illustration Of The Fact That We Can Fully Understand A Connection Though We Can Only Speak Of It In Images And Parables.

There Are Things That Are So Serious That You Can Only Joke About Them.

The Conception Of Objective Reality ... Has Thus Evaporated ... Into The Transparent Clarity Of Mathematics That Represents No Longer The Behavior Of Particles But Rather Our Knowledge Of This Behavior.

In My Paper The Fact The Xy Was Not Equal To Yx Was Very Disagreeable To Me. I Felt This Was The Only Point Of Difficulty In The Whole Scheme...and I Was Not Able To Solve It.

What We Observe Is Not Nature Itself But Nature Exposed To Our Method Of Questioning. Our Scientific Work In Physics Consists In Asking Questions About Nature In The Language That We Possess And Trying To Get An Answer From Experiment By The Means That Are At Our Disposal.

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