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Contrast 1968, When The Ceo Of General Motors Took Home, In Pay And Benefits, About Sixty-six Times The Amount Paid To A Typical Gm Worker. Today The Ceo Of Wal-mart Earns Nine Hundred Times The Wages Of His Average Employee. Indeed, The Wealth Of The Wal-mart Founder's Family In 2005 Was Estimated At About The Same ($90 Billion) As That Of The Bottom 40% Of The Us Population: 120 Million People.

-Tony Judt

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Contrast 1968, When The

Tony Judt

...

Contrast 1968, When The Ceo Of General Motors Took Home, In Pay And Benefits, About Sixty-six Times The Amount Paid To A Typical Gm Worker. Today The Ceo Of Wal-mart Earns Nine Hundred Times The Wages Of His Average Employee. Indeed, The Wealth Of The Wal-mart Founder's Family In 2005 Was Estimated At About The Same ($90 Billion) As That Of The Bottom 40% Of The Us Population: 120 Million People.

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Israel Today Is Bad For The Jews.

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It's Important To Remember That World War Ii Was Experienced Very Much As A Continuity In That Sense. Most Of World War Ii In Most Of Europe Wasn't A War; It Was An Occupation. The War Was At The Beginning And The End, Except In Germany And The Soviet Union, And Even There Really Only At The End. So The Rest Of Time It's An Occupation, Which In Some Ways Was Experienced As An Extension Of The Interwar Period. World War Ii Was Simply An Extreme Form, In A Whole New Key, Of The Disruption Of Normal Life That Began In 1914.

If We Have Learned Nothing Else From The 20th Century, We Should At Least Have Grasped That The More Perfect The Answer, The More Terrifying Its Consequences. Incremental Improvements Upon Unsatisfactory Circumstances Are The Best That We Can Hope For, And Probably All We Should Seek.

The American Financial And Military Commitment Really Only Kicks In With Korea. Not That Korea Was The Real Game For The Americans; Their Real Fear Was That This Was Just The Prelude To A Second Korea In Germany. We Now Know From The Soviet Archives That The Last Thing Stalin Was Going To Do Was Start A War In Central Europe. The Americans Didn't Know That, And It Was The Fear That He Might Which Transformed Nato From A Sort Of Shell Game Into A Real Military Alliance. That Total Commitment Basically Transformed The Marshal Plan Into Military Aid.

But I'm English. We Don't Do Uplifting.

If Active Or Concerned Citizens Forfeit Politics, They Thereby Abandon Their Society To Its Most Mediocre And Venal Public Servants

There Is Nothing To Be Said For Being Crippled. You Don't See The World Better Or Clearer, Nor Do You Develop Some Special Set Of Skills By Way Of Compensation.

How Should We Begin To Make Amends For Raising A Generation Obsessed With The Pursuit Of Material Wealth And Indifferent To So Much Else?

If We Remain Grotesquely Unequal, We Shall Lose All Sense Of Fraternity: And Fraternity, For All Its Fatuity As A Political Objective, Turns Out To Be The Necessary Condition Of Politics Itself.

After 1945 What Happened Was Rather The Opposite: With One Major Exception Boundaries Stayed Broadly Intact And People Were Moved Instead.

The 60s Were A Continuation Of The 50s Much More Than People Realized. Certainly In Some Countries, Like Britain, There Was Still A Culture Of Deference, Whereas In The 70s We Really Are In A Time Of Angry Transition. The Generation That Came Into Young Adulthood In The 70s Couldn't Find Jobs; That Wasn't True In My Generation. They Entered A Time When Two Depressing Things Hit Them Both At The Same Time.

I Was Born Accidentally. I Lived Accidentally In London. We Nearly Migrated To New Zealand. So Much Of My Life Has Been A Product Of Chance, I Can't See A Meaning In It At All.

We No Longer Ask Of A Judicial Ruling Or A Legislative Act: Is It Good? Is It Fair? Is It Just? Is It Right? Will It Help Bring About A Better Society Or A Better World? Those Used To Be The Political Questions, Even If They Invited No Easy Answers. We Must Learn Once Again To Pose Them.

We Need To Start Talking About Inequality Again; We Need To Start Talking About The Inequities And Unfairnesses And The Injustices Of An Excessively Divided Society, Divided By Wealth, By Opportunity, By Outcome, By Assets And So Forth.

American Social Arrangements, Economic Arrangements, The Degree Of Inequality In American Life, The Relatively Small Role Played By The Government In American Public Life And So Forth, Compares To Exactly The Opposite Conditions In Most Of The European Societies.

I Started Work On My First French History Book In 1969; On 'socialism In Provence' In 1974; And On The Essays In Marxism And The French Left In 1978. Conversely, My First Non-academic Publication, A Review In The 'tls', Did Not Come Until The Late 1980s, And It Was Not Until 1993 That I Published My First Piece In The 'new York Review.'

I Do Think We're On The Edge Of A Terrifying World, And That Many Young People Know That But Don't Know How To Talk About It.

The Second World War Had A Precipitating Effect In That It Discredited The Empires, As Well As Bankrupting Them. Not Only Could You No Longer, If You Were A Colonial Subject Of France In Africa, Look To France As A Model Of Power And Influence And Civility After What Had Happened In The War. Nor Could The French Any Longer Afford To Run Their Empire. And Nor Could The British, Although They Were Not Discredited In The Way That The French Were.

We Need To Learn... How War Brutalises And Degrades Winners And Losers Alike And What Happens To Us When, Having Heedlessly Waged War For No Good Reason, We Are Encouraged To Inflate And Demonise Our Enemies In Order To Justify That War's Indefinite Continuance.

The Rottenness Of Politics In Yugoslavia Didn't Come As A Surprise. The Main Lesson Is That This Is A War Which Could Have Easily Been Stopped By Europe. What Was Lacking Was Any Will To Do So. It's An Irony Of The Achievement Of Europe That It Had Lived For 40 Years Under The Assumption Of The Unimaginability Of Internal Wars, So It Didn't Know What To Do With It When It Was Confronted With One Close Up.

The Different American Experience Of The 20th Century Is Crucial Because The Lesson Of The Century For Europe, Which Essentially Is That The Human Condition Is Tragic, Led It To Have A Build A Welfare System And A Set Of Laws And Social Arrangements That Are More Prophylactic Than Idealistic. It's Not About Building Perfect Futures; It's About Preventing Terrible Pasts. I Think That Is Something That Europeans In The Second Half Of The 20th Century Knew In Their Bones And Americans Never Did, And It's One Of The Big Differences Between The Two Western Cultures.

Contrast 1968, When The Ceo Of General Motors Took Home, In Pay And Benefits, About Sixty-six Times The Amount Paid To A Typical Gm Worker. Today The Ceo Of Wal-mart Earns Nine Hundred Times The Wages Of His Average Employee. Indeed, The Wealth Of The Wal-mart Founder's Family In 2005 Was Estimated At About The Same ($90 Billion) As That Of The Bottom 40% Of The Us Population: 120 Million People.

Words Can Make The Illness A Subject I Can Master, And Not One That One Simply Emotes Over.

My History Writing Was Based On What I Saw In Strange, Exotic Places Rather Than Just Reading Books.

There Were Various Different Keys In Which European History Had Tended To Be Written. One Is The Lyrical Key, The Idea That Somehow, In Bretton-woods In 1945, A Bunch Of Well-intentioned Men Got Together And Said, "this Can't Go On; Let's Build A European Union." And It Just Wasn't Like That.

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I Know Exactly How And Where I Am Going To Die. The Only Question Is When.

It Does Irritate Me When I Am Described As A Controversialist And Commentator On Israel.

I've Lost Count Of The Interviews I've Done About My Illness And Its Relationship To My Ideas And Writing.

The Military System Of A Nation Is Not An Independent Section Of The Social System But An Aspect Of Its Totality.

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Today, Neither Left Nor Right Can Find Their Footing.

As Citizens Of A Free Society, We Have A Duty To Look Critically At Our World. But If We Think We Know What Is Wrong, We Must Act Upon That Knowledge.

We Are Not Merely Historians But Also And Always Citizens.

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The Pleasures Of Mental Agility Are Much Overstated, Inevitably - As It Now Appears To Me - By Those Not Exclusively Dependent Upon Them.

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The People Whose Necks Hurt When I Write About The Middle East Tend To Live In Brooklyn Or Boca Raton: The Kind Of Zionist Who Pays Another Man To Live In Israel For Him. I Have Nothing But Contempt For Such People.

The East European Small Countries Have A Sense Of Betrayal, Of Having Been Forgotten By Western Leaders.

Above All, The Thrall In Which An Ideology Holds A People Is Best Measured By Their Collective Inability To Imagine Alternatives.

History Always Happens To Us And Nothing Ever Stays The Same.

We Have Responsibilities For Others, Not Just Across Space But Across Time. We Have Responsibilities To People Who Came Before Us. They Left Us A World Of Institutions, Ideas Or Possibilities For Which We, In Turn, Owe Them Something. One Of The Things We Owe Them Is Not To Squander Them.

Judaism For Me Is A Sensibility Of Collective Self-questioning And Uncomfortable Truth-telling. I Feel A Debt Of Responsibility To This Past. It Is Why I Am Jewish.

Self Questioning

I Can Still Boss People Around. I Can Still Write. I Can Still Read. I Can Still Eat, And I Can Still Have Very Strong Views.

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Reality Is A Powerful Solvent.

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History Can Show You That It Was One Pile Of Bad Stuff After Another. It Can Also Show You That There's Been Tremendous Progress In Knowledge, Behaviour, Laws, Civilisation. It Cannot Show You That There Was A Meaning Behind It.

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My Generation Those Who Were Students In The Late 60s Was Always, In The Words Of The Who, Talking About Our Generation. That's What We Thought Of Ourselves, As The Most Important Thing Since Sliced Bread. And The "we" That We Meant Was Really The Western Europeans And American Generation. And As I Think Back I Suppose I Have A Sense Of Guilt On Behalf Of My Generation, A Sense That We Were Terribly Provincial And Didn't Understand The Really Important Stuff That Was Going On In Eastern Europe.

Unlike Memory, Which Confirms And Reinforces Itself, History Contributes To The Disenchantment Of The World.

If Words Fall Into Disrepair, What Will Substitute? They Are All We Have

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