As Nelson Mandela Has Pointed Out, Boycott Is Not A Principle, It Is A Tactic Depending Upon Circumstances. A Tactic Which Allows People, As Distinct From Their Elected But Often Craven Governments, To Apply A Certain Pressure On Those Wielding Power In What They, The Boycotters, Consider To Be An Unjust Or Immoral Way.

-John Berger

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As Nelson Mandela Has

John Berger

Topic

Government

People

Way

More From John Berger

Everything In Life, Is A Question Of Drawing A Life, John, And You Have To Decide For Yourself Where To Draw It. You Cant Draw It For Others. You Can Try, Of Course, But It Doesn't Work. People Obeying Rules Laid Down My Somebody Else Is Not The Same Thing As Respecting Life. And If You Want To Respect Life, You Have To Draw A Line.

Drawing

People

Trying

When A Painter Is Working He Is Aware Of The Means Which Are Available To Him - These Include His Materials, The Style He Inherits, The Conventions He Must Obey, His Prescribed Or Freely Chosen Subject Matter - As Constituting Both An Opportunity And A Restraint.

Mean

Opportunity

Challenges

Every City Has A Sex And An Age Which Have Nothing To Do With Demography. Rome Is Feminine. So Is Odessa. London Is A Teenager, An Urchin, And, In This, Hasn't Changed Since The Time Of Dickens. Paris, I Believe, Is A Man In His Twenties In Love With An Older Woman.

Sex

Teenager

Believe

Sometimes, Because Of Its Immediacy, Television Produces A Kind Of Electronic Parable. Berlin, For Instance, On The Day The Wall Was Opened. Rostropovich Was Playing His Cello By The Wall That No Longer Cast A Shadow, And A Million East Berliners Were Thronging To The West To Shop With An Allowance Given Them By West German Banks! At That Moment The Whole World Saw How Materialism Had Lost Its Awesome Historic Power And Become A Shopping List.

Wall

Shopping

Shadow

We Can Become Anything. That Is Why Injustice Is Impossible Here. There May Be The Accident Of Birth, There Is No Accident Of Death. Nothing Forces Us To Remain What We Were.

May

Impossible

Injustice

The Human Imagination... Has Great Difficulty In Living Strictly Within The Confines Of A Materialist Practice Or Philosophy. It Dreams, Like A Dog In Its Basket, Of Hares In The Open.

Dream

Dog

Philosophy

Directors Like Satyajit Ray, Rossellini, Bresson, Buñuel, Forman, Scorsese, And Spike Lee Have Used Non-professional Actors Precisely In Order That The People We See On The Screen May Be Scarcely More Explained Than Reality Itself. Professionals, Except Fo The Greatest, Usually Play Not Just The Necessary Role, But An Explanation Of The Role.

Reality

Order

Play

The Essence Of Songs Is Neither Vocal Nor Cerebral But Organic. We Follow Songs In Order To Be Enclosed. We Find Ourselves Inside A Message. The Unsung, Impersonal World Remains Outside, On The Other Surface Of A Placenta. All Songs, Even When Their Content Or Rendering Is Strongly Masculine, Operate Maternally.

Song

Order

Essence

Compare The Cinema With Theatre. Both Are Dramatic Arts. Theatre Brings Actors Before A Public And Every Night During The Season They Re-enact The Same Drama. Deep In The Nature Of Theatre Is A Sense Of Ritual. The Cinema, By Contrast, Transports Its Audience Individually, Singly, Out Of The Theatre Towards The Unknown.

Art

Nature

Drama

For The Artist, Drawing Is Discovery. And That Is Not Just A Slick Phrase; It Is Quite Literally True.

Artist

Discovery

Drawing

The Zoo Cannot But Disappoint. The Public Purpose Of Zoos Is To Offer Visitors The Opportunity Of Looking At Animals. Yet Nowherein A Zoo Can A Stranger Encounter The Look Of An Animal. At The Most, The Animal's Gaze Flickers And Passes On. They Look Sideways. They Look Blindly Beyond.

Zoos

Animal

Opportunity

Autobiography Begins With A Sense Of Being Alone. It Is An Orphan Form.

Orphan

Form

Autobiography

The Past Grows Gradually Around One, Like A Placenta For Dying.

Past

Dying

Grows

History Always Constitutes The Relation Between A Present And Its Past. Consequently Fear Of The Present Leads To Mystification Of The Past

Past

Relation

Photographs Bear Witness To A Human Choice Being Exercised In A Given Situation. A Photograph Is A Result Of The Photographer's Decision That It Is Worth Recording That This Particular Event Or This Particular Object Has Been Seen. If Everything That Existed Were Continually Being Photographed, Every Photograph Would Become Meaningless.

Photography

Choices

Decision

When We Read A Story, We Inhabit It. The Covers Of The Book Are Like A Roof And Four Walls.

Wall

Book

Reading

Men Look At Women. Women Watch Themselves Being Looked At.

Love

Men

Watches

What Is Saved In The Cinema When It Achieves Art Is A Spontaneous Continuity With All Mankind.

Art

Cinema

Vagrants

That We Find A Crystal Or A Poppy Beautiful Means That We Are Less Alone, That We Are More Deeply Inserted Into Existence Than The Course Of A Single Life Would Lead Us To Believe.

Beautiful

Nature

Believe

Hair Is Associated With Sexual Power. With Passion. The Woman's Sexual Passion Needs To Be Minimized, So That The Spectator May Feel That He Has The Monopoly On Such Passion

Passion

Hair

Needs

Nothing Fortuitous Happens In A Child's World. There Are No Accidents. Everything Is Connected With Everything Else And Everything Can Be Explained By Everything Else. . . . For A Young Child Everything That Happens Is A Necessity.

Children

World

Young

I Can't Tell You What Art Does And How It Does It, But I Know That Often Art Has Judged The Judges, Pleaded Revenge To The Innocent And Shown To The Future What The Past Suffered, So That It Has Never Been Forgotten. Art, When It Functions Like This, Becomes A Meeting-place Of The Invisible, The Irreducible, The Enduring, Guts, And Honor.

Art

Revenge

Past

What Is Saved In The Cinema When It Achieves Art Is A Spontaneous Continuity With All Mankind. It Is Not An Art Of The Princes Or The Bourgeoisie. It Is Popular And Vagrant. In The Sky Of The Cinema People Learn What They Might Have Been And Discover What Belongs To Them Apart From Their Single Lives.

Art

Sky

People

The Media Network Has Its Idols, But Its Principal Idol Is Its Own Style Which Generates An Aura Of Winning And Leaves The Rest In Darkness. It Recognizes Neither Pity Nor Pitilessness.

Winning

Media

Idols

The Spectator-buyer Is Meant To Envy Herself As She Will Become If She Buys The Product. She Is Meant To Imagine Herself Transformed By The Product Into An Object Of Envy For Others, An Envy Which Will Then Justify Her Loving Herself.

Envy

Imagine

Buyers

It Is Seeing Which Establishes Our Place In The Surrounding World; We Explain That World With Words, But Words Can Never Undo The Fact That We Are Surrounded By It

World

Facts

Seeing

Without Ethics Man Has No Future. This Is To Say Mankind Without Them Cannot Be Itself. Ethics Determine Choices And Actions And Suggest Difficult Priorities.

Men

Choices

Priorities

When We Read A Story, We Inhabit It. The Covers Of The Book Are Like A Roof And Four Walls. What Is To Happen Next Will Take Place Within The Four Walls Of The Story. And This Is Possible Because The Story's Voice Makes Everything Its Own.

Wall

Book

Reading

We Never Look At Just One Thing; We Are Always Looking At The Relation Between Things And Ourselves.

Looks

Relation

Just One

Common-sense Is Part Of The Home-made Ideology Of Those Who Have Been Deprived Of Fundamental Learning, Of Those Who Have Been Kept Ignorant.

Home

Common Sense

Ignorant

Never Chain Your Dogs Together With Sausages. One Must Accustom One's Self To Be Bored.

Dog

Blessing

Self

Advertising Is Not Merely An Assembly Of Competing Messages; It Is A Language Itself Which Is Always Being Used To Make The Same General Proposal

Messages

Language

Advertising

A Drawing Is An Autobiographical Record Of One's Discovery Of An Event - Either Seen, Remembered Or Imagined. A 'finished' Work Is An Attempt To Construct An Event In Itself.

Discovery

Drawing

Events

We Live In A Dominant Culture Of Ceaseless Departure And Progress That Has So Far Lasted Two Or Three Centuries.

Two

Progress

Three

Painting Is Something That You Need To Do, If Not Every Day, Then Certainly Most Days. It Is Almost Like Being A Pianist: If You Stop, You Lose Something.

Needs

Painting

Pianist

All Photographs Are There To Remind Us Of What We Forget. In This - As In Other Ways - They Are The Opposite Of Paintings. Paintings Record What The Painter Remembers. Because Each One Of Us Forgets Different Things, A Photo More Than A Painting May Change Its Meaning According To Who Is Looking At It.

Photography

Pain

Opposites

Every Authentic Poem Contributes To The Labor Of Poetry... To Bring Together What Life Has Separated Or Violence Has Torn Apart... Poetry Can Repair No Loss, But It Defies The Space Which Separates. And It Does This By Its Continual Labor Of Reassembling What Has Been Scattered.

Loss

Space

Together

A Cigarette Is A Breathing Space. It Makes A Parenthesis. The Time Of A Cigarette Is A Parenthesis, And If It Is Shared, You Are Both In That Parenthesis. Its Like A Proscenium Arch For A Dialogue.

Breathing Space

Arches

Cigarette

We Only See What We Look At. To Look Is An Act Of Choice.

Choices

Looks

Your Lips, Beloved, Are Like A Honeycomb: Honey And Milk Are Under The Tongue. And The Smell Of Your Clothes Is Like The Smell Of My Home.

Home

Smell

Clothes

The Relation Between What We See And What We Know Is Never Settled. Each Evening We See The Sun Set. We Know That The Earth Is Turning Away From It. Yet The Knowledge, The Explanation, Never Quite Fits The Sight.

Sight

Evening

Earth

To Be Naked Is To Be Oneself. To Be Nude Is To Be Seen Naked By Others And Yet Not Recognized For Oneself. A Naked Body Has To Be Seen As An Object In Order To Become A Nude. (the Sight Of It As An Object Stimulates The Use Of It As An Object.) Nakedness Reveals Itself. Nudity Is Placed On Display. To Be Naked Is To Be Without Disguises.

Sight

Order

Naked

Publicity Is The Life Of This Culture - In So Far As Without Publicity Capitalism Could Not Survive - And At The Same Time Publicity Is Its Dream.

Dream

Culture

Publicity

Protest And Anger Practically Always Derives From Hope, And The Shouting Out Against Injustice Is Always In The Hope Of Those Injustices Being Somewhat Corrected And A Little More Justice Established.

Justice

Littles

Shouting

The Camera Relieves Us Of The Burden Of Memory.

Photography

Memories

Cameras

I Use Charcoal A Lot. Partly Because It Has Such A Fantastic Range But Also Because It Is Very Easy To Erase. For Me, Drawing Is A Lot To Do With Taking Out, With Returning To The White Of The Paper.

White

Drawing

Use

Glamour Cannot Exist Without Personal Social Envy Being A Common And Widespread Emotion.

Envy

Emotion

Common

It Is Not Usually Possible In A Poem Or A Story To Make The Relationship Between Particular And Universal Fully Explicit. Those Who Try To Do So End Up Writing Parables.

Writing

Trying

Stories

One Of The Fundamental Reasons Why So Many Doctors Become Cynical And Disillusioned Is Precisely Because, When The Abstract Idealism Has Worn Thin, They Are Uncertain About The Value Of The Actual Lives Of The Patients They Are Treating. This Is Not Because They Are Callous Or Personally Inhuman: It Is Because They Live In And Accept A Society Which Is Incapable Of Knowing What A Human Life Is Worth.

Life

Doctors

Knowing

Modern Thought Has Transferred The Spectral Character Of Death To The Notion Of Time Itself. Time Has Become Death Triumphant Over All.

Death

Time

Character

Hope Is A Contraband Passed From Hand To Hand And Story To Story.

Hands

Stories

It Is Comparatively Easy To Achieve A Certain Unity In A Picture By Allowing One Colour To Dominate, Or By Muting All The Colours. Matisse Did Neither. He Clashed His Colours Together Like Cymbals And The Effect Was Like A Lullaby.

Artist

Unity

Together

The Happiness Of Being Envied Is Glamour. Being Envied Is A Solitary Form Of Reassurance. It Depends Precisely Upon Not Sharing Your Experience With Those Who Envy You. You Are Observed With Interest But You Do Not Observe With Interest - If You Do, You Will Become Less Enviable. In This Respect The Envied Are Like Bureaucrats; The More Impersonal They Are, The Greater The Illusion (for Themselves And For Others) Of Their Power. The Power Of The Glamorous Resides In Their Supposed Happiness: The Power Of The Bureaucrat In His Supposed Authority.

Envy

Reassurance

Illusion

Every Authentic Poem Contributes To The Labour Of Poetry... To Bring Together What Life Has Separated Or Violence Has Torn Apart.

Poetry

Together

Torn Apart

The Autobiographical Doesn't Interest Me. I Could Think Of Few Things Less Interesting Than Rooting About In My Life.

Thinking

Interesting

Interest

You Painted A Naked Woman Because You Enjoyed Looking At Her, Put A Mirror In Her Hand And You Called The Painting “vanity,” Thus Morally Condemning The Woman Whose Nakedness You Had Depicted For You Own Pleasure.

Vanity

Mirrors

Hands

A Peasant Becomes Fond Of His Pig And Is Glad To Salt Away Its Pork. What Is Significant, And Is So Difficult For The Urban Stranger To Understand, Is That The Two Statements Are Connected By An And Not By A But.

Animal

Pigs

Two

The Collaboration Which Sometimes Follows Is Seldom Based On Good Will: Usually On Desire, Rage, Fear, Pity Or Longing. The Modern Illusion Concerning Painting (which Post-modernism Has Done Nothing To Correct) Is That The Artist Is The Creator. Rather He Is A Reciever. What Seems Like Creaton Is The Act Of Giving Form To What He Has Recieved.

Artist

Giving

Desire

Compassion Has No Place In The Natural Order Of The World Which Operates On The Basis Of Necessity. Compassion Opposes This Order And Is Therefore Best Thought Of As Being In Some Way Supernatural.

Compassion

Order

World

Nothing In The Nature Around Us Is Evil. This Needs To Be Repeated Since One Of The Human Ways Of Talking Oneself Into Inhuman Acts Is To Cite The Supposed Cruelty Of Nature.

Talking

Evil

Needs

A Man's Presence Suggests What He Is Capable Of Doing To You Or For You. By Contrast, A Woman's Presence... Defines What Can And Cannot Be Done To Her.

Men

Done

Contrast

In The Average European Oil Painting Of The Nude The Principal Protagonist Is Never Painted. He Is The Spectator In Front Of The Picture And He Is Presumed To Be A Man.

Men

Average

Oil

Capitalism Survives By Forcing The Majority, Whom It Exploits, To Define Their Own Interests As Narrowly As Possible. This Was Once Achieved By Extensive Deprivation. Today In The Developed Countries It Is Being Achieved By Imposing A False Standard Of What Is And What Is Not Desirable.

Country

Majority

Today

'fahrenheit 9/11' Is Astounding. Not So Much As A Film - Although It Is Cunning And Moving - But As An Event.

Moving

Events

Film

The Strange Power Of Art Is Sometimes It Can Show That What People Have In Common Is More Urgent Than What Differentiates Them. It Seems To Me It's Something That Theatre Can Do, But It's Rare; It's Very Rare.

Art

People

Theatre

Photography, Because It Stops The Flow Of Life, Is Always Flirting With Death.

Photography

Flirting

Flow

You Can Plan Events, But If They Go According To Your Plan They Are Not Events.

Events

Plans

According To Plan

The Impulse To Paint Comes Neither From Observation Nor From The Soul (which Is Probably Blind) But From An Encounter: The Encounter Between Painter And Model: Even If The Model Is A Mountain Or A Shelf Of Empty Medicine Bottles.

Medicine

Soul

Mountain

The Contradiction In Perspective Was That It Structured All Images Of Reality To Address A Single Spectator Who, Unlike God, Could Only Be In One Place At A Time.

Reality

Perspective

Addresses

The Envied Are Like Bureaucrats; The More Impersonal They Are, The Greater The Illusion (for Themselves And For Others) Of Their Power.

Power

Envy

Illusion

Today The Discredit Of Words Is Very Great. Most Of The Time The Media Transmit Lies. In The Face Of An Intolerable World, Words Appear To Change Very Little. State Power Has Become Congenitally Deaf, Which Is Why But The Editorialists Forget It Terrorists Are Reduced To Bombs And Hijacking.

Lying

Media

Political

The Past Is The One Thing We Are Not Prisoners Of. We Can Do With The Past Exactly What We Wish. What We Can't Do Is To Change Its Consequences.

Past

Wish

Prisoner

The Opposite Of Love Is Not To Hate But To Separate. If Love And Hate Have Something In Common It Is Because, In Both Cases, Their Energy Is That Of Bringing And Holding Together

Love

Hate

Opposites

All Nationalisms Are At Heart Deeply Concerned With Names: With The Most Immaterial And Original Human Invention. Those Who Dismiss Names As A Detail Have Never Been Displaced; But The Peoples On The Peripheries Are Always Being Displaced. That Is Why They Insist Upon Their Continuity - Their Links With Their Dead And The Unborn.

Heart

Names

Links

One Can Say Of Language That It Is Potentially The Only Human Home, The Only Dwelling Place That Cannot Be Hostile To Man.

Home

Men

Dwelling Place

Do You Know The Legend About Cicadas? They Say They Are The Souls Of Poets Who Cannot Keep Quiet Because, When They Were Alive, They Never Wrote The Poems They Wanted To.

Soul

Alive

Legends

Post-modernism Has Cut Off The Present From All Futures. The Daily Media Add To This By Cutting Off The Past. Which Means That Critical Opinion Is Often Orphaned In The Present.

Mean

Cutting

Past

Nakedness Reveals Itself. Nudity Is Placed On Display. The Nude Is Condemned To Never Being Naked. Nudity Is A Form Of Dress.

Beauty

Dresses

Naked

Oil Painting Did To Appearances What Capital Did To Social Relations. It Reduced Everything To The Equality Of Objects. Everything Became Exchangeable Because Everything Became A Commodity.

Oil

Painting

Appearance

I Wanted To Write About Looking At The World, So It's More About Helping People, Or Persuading People, To See What Is Around Us; Both The Marvellous And The Terrible.

Writing

People

World

Never Again Shall A Single Story Be Told As Though It Were The Only One.

Stories

Fanaticism Comes From Any Form Of Chosen Blindness Accompanying The Pursuit Of A Single Dogma.

Dogma

Form

Pursuit

At Times Failure Is Very Necessary For The Artist. It Reminds Him That Failure Is Not The Ultimate Disaster. And This Reminder Liberates Him From The Mean Fussing Of Perfectionism.

Mean

Artist

Perfection

To Be Naked Is To Be Oneself.

Naked

Oneself

Ours Is The Century Of Enforced Travel Of Disappearances. The Century Of People Helplessly Seeing Others, Who Were Close To Them, Disappear Over The Horizon.

Travel

People

Horizon

Glamour Cannot Exist Without Personal Social Envy Being A Common And Widespread Emotion. The Industrial Society ... Recognises Nothing Except The Power To Acquire ... No Other Kind Of Hope Or Satisfaction Or Pleasure Can Any Longer Be Envisaged Within The Culture Of Capitalism.

Envy

Culture

Satisfaction

The Camera Relieves Us Of The Burden Of Memory. It Surveys Us Like God, And It Surveys For Us. Yet No Other God Has Been So Cynical, For The Camera Records In Order To Forget.

God

Photography

Memories

Emigration, Forced Or Chosen, Across National Frontiers Or From Village To Metropolis, Is The Quintessential Experience Of Our Time.

Village

Emigration

Metropolis

A Photograph Is A Meeting Place Where The Interests Of The Photographer, The Photographed, The Viewer And Those Who Are Using The Photograph Are Often Contradictory. These Contradictions Both Hide And Increase The Natural Ambiguity Of The Photographic Image.

Photographer

Contradiction

Natural

All Publicity Works Upon Anxiety.

Anxiety

Publicity

Those Who First Invented And Then Named The Constellations Were Storytellers. Tracing An Imaginary Line Between A Cluster Of Stars Gave Them An Image And An Identity. The Stars Threaded On That Line Were Like Events Threaded On A Narrative. Imagining The Constellations Did Not Of Course Change The Stars, Nor Did It Change The Black Emptiness That Surrounds Them. What It Changed Was The Way People Read The Night Sky.

Stars

Night

Sky

To Live And Die Amongst Foreigners May Seem Less Absurd Than To Live Persecuted Or Tortured By One's Fellow Countrymen.... But Toemigrate Is Always To Dismantle The Centre Of The World, And So To Move Into A Lost, Disoriented One Of Fragments.

Moving

World

May

The Heart Of Paris Is Like Nothing So Much As The Unending Interior Of A House. Buildings Become Furniture, Courtyards Become Carpets And Arrases, The Streets Are Like Galleries, The Boulevards Conservatories. It Is A House, One Or Two Centuries Old, Rich, Bourgeois, Distinguished. The Only Way Of Going Out, Or Shutting The Door Behind You, Is To Leave The Centre.

Heart

Doors

Two

When He Painted A Road, The Roadmakers Were There In His Imagination, When He Painted The Turned Earth Of A Ploughed Field, The Gesture Of The Blade Turning The Earth Was Included In His Own Act. Whenever He Looked He Saw The Labour Of Existence; And This Labour, Recognised As Such, Was What Constituted Reality For Him. (on Vincent Van Gogh)

Reality

Imagination

Earth

When We Suffer Anguish We Return To Early Childhood Because That Is The Period In Which We First Learnt To Suffer The Experience Of Total Loss. It Was More Than That. It Was The Period In Which We Suffered More Total Losses Than In All The Rest Of Our Life Put Together.

Grief

Loss

Childhood

Paris, I Believe, Is A Man In His Twenties In Love With An Older Woman.

Believe

Men

Cities

Unlike Any Other Visual Image, A Photograph Is Not A Rendering, An Imitation Or An Interpretation Of Its Subject, But Actually A Trace Of It. No Painting Or Drawing, However Naturalist, Belongs To Its Subject In The Way That A Photograph Does.

Photography

Drawing

Doe

To Remain Innocent May Also Be. To Remain Ignorant.

Ignorant

May

Innocent

So Time Doesn't Count, And Place Does?' I Said This To Tease Her. When I Was A Man, I Liked Teasing Her And She Went Along With It, Consenting, For It Reminded Us Both Of A Sadness That Had Passed.

Sadness

Men

Doe

The Animal Has Secrets Which, Unlike The Secrets Of Caves, Mountains, Seas Are Specifically Addressed To Man.

Animal

Men

Sea

Today The Discredit Of Words Is Very Great.

Hijacking

Today

Discredit

What Distinguished Man From Animals Was The Human Capacity For Symbolic Thought, The Capacity Which Was Inseparable From The Development Of Language In Which Words Were Not Mere Signals, But Signifiers Of Something Other Than Themselves. Yet The First Symbols Were Animals. What Distinguished Men From Animals Was Born Of Their Relationship With Them.

Animal

Men

Firsts

All Creation Is In The Art Of Seeing.

Art

Creation

Seeing

Landscapes Can Be Deceptive. Sometimes A Landscape Seems To Be Less A Setting For The Life Of Its Inhabitants Than A Curtain Behind Which Their Struggles, Achievements And Accidents Takes Place. For Those Who Are Behind The Curtain, Landmarks Are No Longer Only Geographic But Also Biographical And Personal

Struggle

Achievement

Landscape

The Publicity Image Steals Her Love Of Herself As She Is, And Offers It Back To Her For The Price Of The Product.

Publicity

Stealing

Offers

Traditional Chinese Art Looked At The Earth From A Confucian Mountain Top; Japanese Art Looked Closely Around Screens; Italian Renaissance Art Surveyed Conquered Nature Through The Window Or Door-frame Of A Palace. For The Cro-magnons, Space Is A Metaphysical Arena Of Continually Intermittent Appearances And Disappearances.

Art

Italian

Space

Words Are So Often Used In The Opposite Sense, As A Screen Of Diversion. It's The Struggle Towards Truthfulness Which Is The Same Whether One Is Writing A Poem, A Novel Or An Argument.

Struggle

Writing

Opposites

Seeing Comes Before Words. The Child Looks And Recognizes Before It Can Speak.

Children

Looks

Speak

Men Look At Women. Women Watch Themselves Being Looked At. This Determines Not Only Most Relations Between Men And Women But Also The Relation Of Women To Themselves. The Surveyor Of Woman In Herself Is Male: The Surveyed Female. Thus She Turns Herself Into An Object - And Most Particularly An Object Of Vision: A Sight.

Men

Sight

Vision

The Extreme Proposition On Which Giacometti Based All His Mature Work Was That No Reality... Could Ever Be Shared. This Is Why He Believed It Impossible For A Work To Be Finished. This Is Why The Content Of Any Work Is Not The Nature Of The Figure Or Head Portrayed But The Incomplete History Of Him Staring At It.

Reality

Finishing

Impossible

There's The Artist's Intimacy And Truthfulness To Himself, But An Equal Intimacy To The Other [the One Drawn]. Picasso Drawings Are Like That... The Rembrandts Are Like That. The Artist Who Most Often Did That Was Van Gogh.

Artist

Drawing

Intimacy

Malevich, Lissitsky, Kandinsky, Tatlin, Pevsner, Rodchenko... All Believed In The Social Role Of Art... Their Works Were Like Hinged Doors, Connecting Activity With Activity. Art With Engineering; Music With Painting; Poetry With Design; Fine Art With Propaganda; Photographs With Typography; Diagrams With Action; The Studio With The Street.

Art

Doors

Engineering

What Do Drawings Mean To Me? I Really Don't Know. The Activity Absorbs Me. I Forget Everything Else In A Way That I Don't Think Happens With Any Other Activity.

Mean

Thinking

Forget Everything

What Any True Painting Touches Is An Absence - An Absence Of Which Without The Painting, We Might Be Unaware. And That Would Be Our Loss.

Loss

Might

Would Be

My Heart Born Naked Was Swaddled In Lullabies. Later Alone It Wore Poems For Clothes. Like A Shirt I Carried On My Back The Poetry I Had Read. So I Lived For Half A Century Until Wordlessly We Met. From My Shirt On The Back Of The Chair I Learn Tonight How Many Years Of Learning By Heart I Waited For You.

Heart

Years

Clothes

Drawing Is A Way Of Coming Upon The Connection Between Things, Just Like Metaphor In Poetry Reconnects What Has Become Separated.

Drawing

Connections

Way

Between The Experience Of Living A Normal Life At This Moment On The Planet And The Public Narratives Being Offered To Give A Sense To That Life, The Empty Space, The Gap, Is Enormous.

Space

Giving

Normal

It Can Happen That A Book, Unlike Its Authors, Grows Younger As The Years Pass.

Book

Years

Grows

Propaganda Requires A Permanent Network Of Communication So That It Can Systematically Stifle Reflection With Emotive Or Utopian Slogans. Its Pace Is Usually Fast.

Communication

Reflection

Pace

All Weddings Are Similar, But Every Marriage Is Different.

Marriage

Wedding

Different

Every City Has A Sex And Age Which Have Nothing To Do With Demography.

Sex

Cities

Age

The Zoo Cannot But Disappoint.

Zoos

Animal

Pet

We Who Draw Do So Not Only To Make Something Observed Visible To Others, But Also To Accompany Something Invisible To Its Incalculable Destination

Invisible

Destination

Draws

The Poverty Of Our Century Is Unlike That Of Any Other. It Is Not, As Poverty Was Before, The Result Of Natural Scarcity, But Of A Set Of Priorities Imposed Upon The Rest Of The World By The Rich.

Priorities

Scarcity

World

In The Modern World, In Which Thousands Of People Are Dying Every Hour As A Consequence Of Politics, No Writing Anywhere Can Begin To Be Credible Unless It Is Informed By Political Awareness And Principles. Writers Who Have Neither Product Utopian Trash.

Writing

People

Political

If The Public Photograph Contributes To A Memory, It Is To The Memory Of An Unknowable And Total Stranger.

Memories

Stranger

Photograph

Every Painted Image Of Something Is Also About The Absence Of The Real Thing. All Painting Is About The Presence Of Absence.

Real

Painting

Absence

The True Content Of A Photograph Is Invisible, For It Derives From A Play, Not With Form, But With Time.

Play

Invisible

Photograph

If Every Event Which Occurred Could Be Given A Name, There Would Be No Need For Stories.

Names

Events

Would Be

Whenever The Intensity Of Looking Reaches A Certain Degree, One Becomes Aware Of An Equally Intense Energy Coming Towards One Through The Appearance Of Whatever It Is One Is Scrutinizing.

Energy

Degrees

Appearance

The Existence Of Pleasure Is The First Mystery. The Existence Of Pain Has Prompted Far More Philosophical Speculation. Pleasure And Pain Need To Be Considered Together; They Are Inseparable. Yet The Space Filled By Each Is Perhaps Different. Pleasure, Defined As A Sense Of Gratification, Is Essential For Nature

Pain

Philosophical

Space

What Makes Photography A Strange Invention Is That Its Primary Raw Materials Are Light And Time.

Inspirational

Photography

Light

A Drawing Is Essentially A Private Work, Related Only To The Artist's Own Needs; A 'finished' Statue Or Canvas Is Essentially A Public, Presented Work - Related Far More Directly To The Demands Of Communication.

Communication

Artist

Drawing

To Be Naked Is To Be Oneself. To Be Nude Is To Be Seen Naked By Others And Yet Not Recognised For Oneself.

Beauty

Naked

Oneself

Ever Since The Greek Tragedies, Artists Have, From Time To Time, Asked Themselves How They Might Influence Ongoing Political Events.

Artist

Political

Greek

To Be Desired Is Perhaps The Closest Anybody In This Life Can Reach To Feeling Immortal.

If Everything That Existed Were Continually Being Photographed, Every Photograph Would Become Meaningless.

Photograph

Ifs

Meaningless

[o]ften Art Has Judged The Judges, Pleaded Revenge To The Innocent And Shown To The Future What The Past Suffered, So That It Has Never Been Forgotten. . . .

Art

Revenge

Past

Understanding Quotes: Their Essence and Application

Quotes, or quotations, are powerful tools in communication, encapsulating ideas, emotions, and wisdom in concise expressions. They serve various purposes across different contexts, from academic writing to everyday conversation.

1. Defining Quotes

A quote is a repetition of someone else's statement or thoughts. It can be a direct replication of words spoken or written by another individual, often used to support arguments, provide evidence, or convey profound insights.

2. The Importance of Quotes

2.1. Enhancing Credibility

Incorporating quotes from authoritative sources can bolster the credibility of your work. By referencing experts or primary sources, you demonstrate thorough research and a solid foundation for your arguments.

2.2. Providing Evidence

Quotes serve as concrete evidence to support claims. In academic and professional writing, they validate points made, offering readers a basis to trust the information presented.

2.3. Conveying Emotions and Perspectives

Quotes can encapsulate emotions and perspectives succinctly. They allow writers to express complex feelings or viewpoints through the words of others, often more eloquently than paraphrasing.

3. Types of Quotes

3.1. Direct Quotes

Direct quotes involve copying the exact words from a source, enclosed in quotation marks. They are used when the original wording is significant or particularly well-expressed.

3.2. Indirect Quotes (Paraphrasing)

Indirect quotes restate the original message in your own words. While not enclosed in quotation marks, they still require proper attribution to the original source.

3.3. Block Quotes

Block quotes are lengthy direct quotations, formatted as a separate block of text. They are typically used for quotes exceeding a certain length, varying by citation style. For instance, in APA style, quotes longer than 40 words are formatted as block quotes.

4. Proper Usage of Quotes

4.1. Contextual Relevance

Ensure that the quote you choose is relevant to the topic and adds value to your content. Avoid inserting quotes solely for decorative purposes.

4.2. Integration into Your Writing

Seamlessly integrate quotes into your writing. Introduce them appropriately and follow up with analysis or commentary to connect them to your main points.

4.3. Attribution and Citation

Always attribute quotes to their original authors and provide proper citations according to the required style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid

5.1. Overusing Quotes

Relying too heavily on quotes can overshadow your voice. Use them sparingly to support your arguments, not replace them.

5.2. Lack of Analysis

Presenting a quote without analysis or explanation can leave readers questioning its relevance. Always follow up with your interpretation or discussion.

5.3. Misquoting or Taking Out of Context

Ensure that quotes are accurate and not taken out of context, as this can mislead readers and undermine your credibility.

6. Quotes in Different Contexts

6.1. Academic Writing

In academic writing, quotes are used to support arguments, provide evidence, and engage with existing literature. Proper citation is crucial to avoid plagiarism.

6.2. Journalism

Journalists use quotes to provide firsthand accounts, add authenticity, and present multiple perspectives within a story.

6.3. Literature and Creative Writing

In literature, quotes can be used to convey character voices, themes, and stylistic elements. They enrich narratives and provide depth to storytelling.

7. Punctuation and Formatting

Understanding the correct punctuation and formatting of quotes is essential:

Quotation Marks: Always enclose direct quotes within quotation marks.

Punctuation Placement: In American English, periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks, while colons and semicolons are placed outside.

Block Quotes: For longer quotes, format them as block quotes without quotation marks, and indent the entire block.

8. Ethical Considerations

Ethical use of quotes involves accurate representation, proper attribution, and respect for intellectual property. Misuse can lead to plagiarism, which carries serious academic and professional consequences.

9. Tools for Managing Quotes

Utilize tools like citation generators and plagiarism checkers to manage quotes effectively. These tools help ensure proper formatting and originality in your writing.

Conclusion

Quotes are invaluable in enriching content, providing evidence, and conveying complex ideas succinctly. When used appropriately, they enhance the quality and credibility of your writing. Always ensure relevance, proper integration, and ethical usage to maximize their impact.

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