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And As To The Faculties Of The Mind, Setting Aside The Arts Grounded Upon Words, And Especially That Skill Of Proceeding Upon Generall, And Infallible Rules, Called Science; Which Very Few Have, And But In Few Things; As Being Not A Native Faculty, Born Within Us; Nor Attained, (as Prudence,) While We Look After Somewhat Else.

-Thomas Hobbes

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And As To The

Thomas Hobbes

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And As To The Faculties Of The Mind, Setting Aside The Arts Grounded Upon Words, And Especially That Skill Of Proceeding Upon Generall, And Infallible Rules, Called Science; Which Very Few Have, And But In Few Things; As Being Not A Native Faculty, Born Within Us; Nor Attained, (as Prudence,) While We Look After Somewhat Else.

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Emulation Is Grief Arising From Seeing One's Self, Exceeded Or Excelled By His Concurrent, Together With Hope To Equal Or Exceed Him In Time To Come, By His Own Ability. But Envy Is The Same Grief Joined With Pleasure Conceived In The Imagination Of Some Ill-fortune That May Befall Him.

For Such Is The Nature Of Men, That Howsoever They May Acknowledge Many Others To Be More Witty, Or More Eloquent, Or More Learned, Yet They Will Hardly Believe There Be Many So Wise As Themselves, For They See Their Own Wit At Hand, And Other Men's At A Distance. But This Proveth Rather That Men Are In That Point Equal, Than Unequal. For There Is Not Ordinarily A Greater Sign Of The Equal Distribution Of Any Thing Than That Every Man Is Contented With His Share.

I Put For The General Inclination Of All Mankind, A Perpetual And Restless Desire Of Power After Power, That Ceaseth Only In Death.

Authority And Power

Leisure Is The Mother Of Philosophy.

Covenants Without Swords Are But Words.

For There Are Very Few So Foolish Who Would Not Rather Govern Themselves Than Be Governed By Others.

All Men, Among Themselves, Are By Nature Equal. The Inequality We Now Discern Hath Its Spring From The Civil Law.

The Passions Of Men Are Commonly More Potent Than Their Reason.

Understanding Is Nothing Else Than Conception Caused By Speech.

Science Is The Knowledge Of Consequences, And Dependence Of One Fact Upon Another: By Which, Out Of That We Can Presently Do, We Know How To Do Something Else When We Will, Or The Like, Another Time

A Law Of Nature, (lex Naturalis) Is A Precept, Or General Rule, Found Out By Reason, By Which A Man Is Forbidden To Do, That, Which Is Destructive Of His Life, Or Taketh Away The Means Of Preserving The Same; And To Omit, That, By Which He Thinketh It May Be Best Preserved.

I Mean By The Universe, The Aggregate Of All Things That Have Being In Themselves; And So Do All Men Else. And Because God Has A Being, It Follows That He Is Either The Whole Universe, Or Part Of It. Nor Does His Lordship Go About To Disprove It, But Only Seems To Wonder At It.

And Therefore, As When There Is A Controversy In An Account, The Parties Must By Their Own Accord, Set Up For Right Reason, The Reason Of Some Arbitrator, Or Judge, To Whose Sentence, They Will Both Stand, Or Their Controversy Must Either Come To Blows, Or Be Undecided, For Want Of A Right Reason Constituted By Nature; So Is It Also In All Debates Of What Kind Soever.

The Disembodied Spirit Is Immortal; There Is Nothing Of It That Can Grow Old Or Die. But The Embodied Spirit Sees Death On The Horizon As Soon As Its Day Dawns.

During The Time Men Live Without A Common Power To Keep Them All In Awe, They Are In That Conditions Called War; And Such A War, As If Of Every Man, Against Every Man.

Faith Is A Gift Of God, Which Man Can Neither Give Nor Take Away By Promise Of Rewards Or Menace Of Torture.

Prudence Is A Presumption Of The Future, Contracted From The Experience Of Time Past.

It Is Not Wisdom But Authority That Makes A Law

For If I Should Not Believe All That Is Written By Historians, Of The Glorious Acts Of Alexander, Or Caesar; I Do Not Think The Ghost Of Alexander, Or Caesar, Had Any Just Cause To Be Offended; Or Any Body Else, But The Historian. If Livy Say The Gods Made Once A Cow Speak, And We Believe It Not; We Distrust Not God Therein, But Livy. So That It Is Evident, That Whatsoever We Believe, Upon No Other Reason, Then What Is Drawn From Authority Of Men Only, And Their Writings; Whether They Be Sent From God Or Not, Is Faith In Men Only.

No Arts, No Letters - No Society.

The Imagination That Is Raised In Man (or Any Other Creature Imbued With The Faculty Of Imagining) By Words, Or Other Voluntary Signs, Is That We Generally Call Understanding; And Is Common To Man And Beasts.

The Present Only Has A Being In Nature; Things Past Have A Being In The Memory Only, But Things To Come Have No Being At All; The Future But A Fiction Of The Mind.

For To Accuse Requires Less Eloquence, Such Is Man's Nature, Than To Excuse; And Condemnation, Than Absolution, More Resembles Justice.

The Science Which Teacheth Arts And Handicrafts Is Merely Science For The Gaining Of A Living; But The Science Which Teacheth Deliverance From Worldly Existence, Is Not That The True Science?

No Discourse Whatsoever, Can End In Absolute Knowledge Of Fact.

But All This Language Gotten, And Augmented By Adam And His Posterity, Was Again Lost At The Tower Of Babel , When By The Hand Of God, Every Man Was Stricken For His Rebellion, With An Oblivion Of His Former Language.

The Most Part Of Men, Though They Have The Use Of Reasoning A Little Way, As In Numbering To Some Degree; Yet It Serves Them To Little Use In Common Life; In Which They Govern Themselves, Some Better, Some Worse, According To Their Differences Of Experience, Quickness Of Memory, And Inclinations To Several Ends; But Specially According To Good Or Evil Fortune, And The Errors Of One Another.

The Interpretation Of The Laws Of Nature In A Common-wealth, Dependeth Not On The Books Of Moral Philosophy. The Authority Of Writers, Without The Authority Of The Commonwealth, Maketh Not Their Opinions Law, Be They Never So True.

No Man Can Be Judge To His Own Cause.

So That In The First Place, I Put For A General Inclination Of All Mankind A Perpetual And Restless Desire Of Power After Power, That Ceaseth Only In Death. And The Cause Of This Is Not Always That A Man Hopes For A More Intensive Delight Than He Has Already Attained To, Or That He Cannot Be Content With A Moderate Power: But Because He Cannot Assure The Power And Means To Live Well, Which He Hath Present, Without The Acquisition Of More.

The Privilege Of Absurdity; To Which No Living Creature Is Subject, But Man Only.

A Wise Man Should So Write (though In Words Understood By All Men) That Wise Men Only Should Be Able To Commend Him.

That Wee Have Of Geometry, Which Is The Mother Of All Naturall Science, Wee Are Not Indebted For It To The Schools.

There Is No Such Thing As Perpetual Tranquility Of Mind While We Live Here.

It Is Not Easy To Fall Into Any Absurdity, Unless It Be By The Length Of An Account; Wherein He May Perhaps Forget What Went Before. For All Men By Nature Reason Alike, And Well, When They Have Good Principles.

Nature Hath Made Men So Equal In The Faculties Of Body And Mind, As That Though There Be Found One Man Sometimes Manifestly Stronger In Body, Or Of Quicker Mind Than Another, Yet When All Is Reckoned Together, The Difference Between Man And Man Is Not So Considerable As That One Man Can Thereupon Claim To Himself Any Benefit To Which Another May Not Pretend As Well As He.

For It Can Never Be That War Shall Preserve Life, And Peace Destroy It.

The Object Of Man's Desire Is Not To Enjoy Once Only, And For One Instant Of Time; But To Assure For Ever, The Way Of His Future Desires.

For It Is With The Mysteries Of Our Religion, As With Wholesome Pills For The Sick, Which Swallowed Whole, Have The Virtue To Cure; But Chewed, Are For The Most Part Cast Up Again Without Effect.

If God Bestowed Immortality On Every Man Then When He Made Him, And He Made Many To Whom He Never Purposed To Give His Saving Grace, What Did His Lordship Think That God Gave Any Man Immortality With Purpose Only To Make Him Capable Of Immortal Torments? It Is A Hard Saying, And I Think Cannot Piously Be Believed. I Am Sure It Can Never Be Proved By The Canonical Scripture.

Such Is The Nature Of Men, That Howsoever They May Acknowledge Many Others To Be More Witty, Or More Eloquent, Or More Learned; Yet They Will Hardly Believe There Be Many So Wise As Themselves.

As Soon As A Thought Darts, I Write It Down.

Setting Themselves Against Reason, As Often As Reason Is Against Them.

The First And Fundamental Law Of Nature, Which Is, To Seek Peace And Follow It.

For After The Subject Is Removed Or The Eye Shut, We Still Retain An Image Of The Things Seen, Though More Obscure Than When We See It...imagination, Therefore, Is Nothing More Than Decaying Sense.

A Naturall Foole That Could Never Learn By Heart The Order Of Numerall Words, As One , Two , And Three , May Observe Every Stroak Of The Clock, And Nod To It, Or Say One, One, One; But Can Never Know What Houre It Strikes.

Heresy Is A Word Which, When It Is Used Without Passion, Signifies A Private Opinion. So The Different Sects Of The Old Philosophers, Academians, Peripatetics, Epicureans, Stoics, &c., Were Called Heresies.

[necessity Is] The Sum Of All Things, Which Being Now Existent, Conduce And Concur To The Production Of That Action Hereafter, Whereof If Any One Thing Now Were Wanting, The Effect Could Not Be Produced. This Concourse Of Causes, Whereof Every One Is Determined To Be Such As It Is By A Like Concourse Of Former Causes, May Well Be Called (in Respect They Were All Set And Ordered By The Eternal Causes Of All Things, God Almighty) The Decree Of God.

To Say God Spake Or Appeared As He Is In His Own Nature, Is To Deny His Infiniteness, Invisibility, Incomprehensibility.

In A Democracy, Look How Many Demagogs That Is How Many Powerful Orators There Are With The People.

There Is More In Mersenne Than In All The Universities Together.

A Man Cannot Lay Down The Right Of Resisting Them That Assault Him By Force, To Take Away His Life.

And Seeing Every Man Is Presumed To Do All Things In Order To His Own Benefit, No Man Is A Fit Arbitrator In His Own Cause

Leisure Is The Mother Of Philosophy; And Commonwealth, The Mother Of Peace And Leisure.

True And False Are Attributes Of Speech, Not Of Things. And Where Speech Is Not, There Is Neither Truth Nor Falsehood.

So That Every Crime Is A Sinne; But Not Every Sinne A Crime.

Time, And Industry, Produce Everyday New Knowledge.

A Covenant Not To Defend My Selfe From Force, By Force, Is Always Voyd.

Do Not That To Another, Which Thou Wouldst Not Have Done To Thyself.

Religions Are Like Pills, Which Must Be Swallowed Whole Without Chewing.

Prophecy Is Many Times The Principal Cause Of The Events Foretold.

Leisure Can Be One Of The Mothers Of Philosophy.

Moral Philosophy Is Nothing Else But The Science Of What Is Good, And Evil, In The Conversation, And Society Of Mankind. Good, And Evil, Are Names That Signify Our Appetites, And Aversions; Which In Different Tempers, Customs, And Doctrines Of Men, Are Different.

A Man's Conscience And His Judgment Is The Same Thing; And As The Judgment, So Also The Conscience, May Be Erroneous.

No Mans Error Becomes His Own Law; Nor Obliges Him To Persist In It.

By This We May Understand, There Be Two Sorts Of Knowledge, Whereof The One Is Nothing Else But Sense, Or Knowledge Original (as I Have Said At The Beginning Of The Second Chapter), And Remembrance Of The Same; The Other Is Called Science Or Knowledge Of The Truth Of Propositions, And How Things Are Called, And Is Derived From Understanding.

When A Man Tells Me God Hath Spoken In A Dream, I Know He Dreamt That God Spoke To Him.

Wisdom, Properly So Called, Is Nothing Else But This: The Perfect Knowledge Of The Truth In All Matters Whatsoever.

Of All Discourse , Governed By Desire Of Knowledge, There Is At Last An End , Either By Attaining, Or By Giving Over.

I Think, Therefore Matter Is Capable Of Thinking.

Ignorance Of The Law Is No Good Excuse, Where Every Man Is Bound To Take Notice Of The Laws To Which He Is Subject.

A Private Man Has Always The Liberty (because Thought Is Free) To Believe Or Not Believe In His Heart Those Acts That Have Been Given Out For Miracles, According As He Shall See What Benefits Can Accrue By Men's Belief, To Those That Pretend, Or Countenance Them, And Thereby Conjecture Whether They Be Miracles Or Lies.

Every Man May Think His Own Cause Just Till It Be Heard And Judged.

Life In The State Of Nature Is Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, And Short.

The Power Of A Man Is His Present Means To Obtain Some Future Apparent Good.

For It Is Not The Bare Words, But The Scope Of The Writer That Giveth True Light, By Which Any Writing Is To Bee Interpreted; And They That Insist Upon Single Texts, Without Considering The Main Designe, Can Derive No Thing From Them Clearly; But Rather By Casting Atomes Of Scripture, As Dust Before Mens Eyes, Make Everything More Obscure Than It Is; An Ordinary Artifice Of Those Who Seek Not The Truth, But Their Own Advantage.

The "value" Or "worth" Of A Man Is, As Of All Other Things, His Price; That Is To Say, So Much As Would Be Given For The Use Of His Power.

For Naturall Bloud Is In Like Manner Made Of The Fruits Of The Earth; And Circulating, Nourisheth By The Way, Every Member Of The Body Of Man.

Force And Fraud Are In War The Two Cardinal Virtues.

There Is No Such Thing As Perpetual Tranquillity Of Mind While We Live Here; Because Life Itself Is But Motion, And Can Never Be Without Desire, Nor Without Fear, No More Than Without Sense.

There Be As Many Persons Of A King, As There Be Petty Constables In His Kingdom. And So There Are, Or Else He Cannot Be Obeyed. But I Never Said That A King, And Every One Of His Persons, Are The Same Substance.

The Condition Of Man... Is A Condition Of War Of Everyone Against Everyone.

Geometry Is The Only Science That It Hath Pleased God Hitherto To Bestow On Mankind.

Understanding Is By The Flame Of The Passions Never Enlightened, But Dazzled.

The Cause Of Sense, Is The External Body, Or Object, Which Presseth The Organ Proper To Each Sense, Either Immediately, As In Thetaste And Touch; Or Mediately, As In Seeing, Hearing, And Smelling: Which Pressure, By The Mediation Of Nerves, And Other Strings, And Membranes Of The Body, Continued Inwards To The Brain, And Heart, Causeth There A Resistance, Or Counter- Pressure, Or Endeavor Of The Heart, To Deliver It Self: Which Endeavor Because Outward, Seemeth To Be Some Matter Without.

The Pacts And Covenants, By Which The Parts Of This Body Politique Were At First Made, Set Together, And United, Resemble That Fiat, Or The Let Us Make Man, Pronounced By God In The Creation.

If I Read As Many Books As Most Men Do, I Would Be As Dull-witted As They Are.

The Original Of All Great And Lasting Societies Consisted Not In The Mutual Good Will Men Had Toward Each Other, But In The Mutual Fear They Had Of Each Other.

And Where Men Build On False Grounds, The More They Build, The Greater Is The Ruine

When It Happeneth That A Man Signifieth Unto Us Two Contradictory Opinions Whereof The One Is Clearly And Directly Signified, Andthe Other Either Drawn From That By Consequence, Or Not Known To Be Contradictory To It; Then (when He Is Not Present To Explicate Himself Better) We Are To Take The Former Of His Opinions; For That Is Clearly Signified To Be His, And Directly, Whereas The Other Might Proceed From Error In The Deduction, Or Ignorance Of The Repugnancy.

A Free Man Is He That, In Those Things Which By His Strength And Wit He Is Able To Do, Is Not Hindered To Do What He Has A Will To.

What Reason Is There That He Which Laboreth Much, And, Sparing The Fruits Of His Labor, Consumeth Little, Should Be More Charged Than He That, Living Idly, Getteth Little And Spendeth All He Gets, Seeing The One Hath No More Protection From The Commonwealth Than The Other?

The Register Of Knowledge Of Fact Is Called History .

Whatsoever Accidents Or Qualities Our Senses Make Us Think There Be In The World, They Are Not There, But Are Seemings And Apparitions Only. The Things That Really Are In The World Without Us, Are Those Motions By Which These Seemings Are Caused. And This Is The Great Deception Of Sense, Which Also Is By Sense To Be Corrected. For As Sense Telleth Me, When I See Directly, That The Colour Seemeth To Be In The Object; So Also Sense Telleth Me, When I See By Reflection, That Colour Is Not In The Object.

Let A Man (as Most Men Do) Rate Themselves As The Highest Value They Can; Yet Their True Value Is No More Than It Is Esteemed By Others.

For As To The Strength Of Body, The Weakest Has Strength Enough To Kill The Strongest, Either By Secret Machination Or By Confederacy With Others That Are In The Same Danger With Himself

Thoughts Are To The Desires As Scouts And Spies, To Range Abroad, And Find The Way To The Things Desired.

I Am About To Take My Last Voyage, A Great Leap In The Dark.

A Great Leap In The Dark

If I Had Read As Much As Other Men I Would Have Known No More Than They.

But If One Subject Giveth Counsell To Another, To Do Anything Contrary To The Lawes, Whether That Counsell Proceed From Evil Intention, Or From Ignorance Onely, It Is Punishable By The Common-wealth; Because Igorance Of The Law, Is No Good Excuse, Where Every Man Is Bound To Take Notice Of The Lawes To Which He Is Subject.

Felicity Is A Continual Progress Of The Desire From One Object To Another, The Attaining Of The Former Being Still But The Way To The Latter.

Life Is Nasty, Brutish, And Short

For All Uniting Of Strength By Private Men, Is, If For Evil Intent, Unjust; If For Intent Unknown, Dangerous To The Publique, And Unjustly Concealed.

The Secret Thoughts Of A Man Run Over All Things, Holy, Profane, Clean, Obscene, Grave, And Light, Without Shame Or Blame.

Desire , To Know Why, And How, Curiosity; Such As Is In No Living Creature But Man ; So That Man Is Distinguished, Not Only By His Reason; But Also By This Singular Passion From Other Animals ; In Whom The Appetite Of Food, And Other Pleasures Of Sense, By Predominance, Take Away The Care Of Knowing Causes; Which Is A Lust Of The Mind, That By A Perseverance Of Delight In The Continual And Indefatigable Generation Of Knowledge, Exceedeth The Short Vehemence Of Any Carnal Pleasure.

Love Is A Person's Idea About His/her Needs In Other Person What You Are Attracted To.

When All The World Is Overcharged With Inhabitants, Then The Last Remedy Of All Is War, Which Provideth For Every Man, By Victory Or Death.

Passions Unguided Are For The Most Part Mere Madness.

Appetite, With An Opinion Of Attaining, Is Called Hope; The Same, Without Such Opinion, Despair.

Corporations Are "worms In The Body Politic"

True And False Are Attributes Of Speech Not Of Things. And Where Speech Is Not, There Is Neither Truth Nor Falsehood. Error Theremay Be, As When We Expect That Which Shall Not Be; Or Suspect What Has Not Been: But In Neither Case Can A Man Be Charged With Untruth.

Men Are Not Therefore Put To Death, Or Punished For That Their Theft Proceedeth From Election; But Because It Was Noxious And Contrary To Men's Preservation, And The Punishment Conducing To The Preservation Of The Rest, Inasmuch As To Punish Those That Do Voluntary Hurt, And None Else, Frameth And Maketh Men's Wills Such As Men Would Have Them.

As A Draft-animal Is Yoked In A Wagon, Even So The Spirit Is Yoked In This Body

He That Is Taken And Put Into Prison Or Chains Is Not Conquered, Though Overcome; For He Is Still An Enemy.

He That Has Most Experience [is] So Much More Prudent Than He That Is New, As Not To Be Equalled By Any Advantage Of Natural And Extemporary Wit- Though Many Young Men Think The Contrary.

We Are Not To Renounce Our Senses And Experience, Nor (that Which Is The Undoubted Word Of God) Our Natural Reason. For They Are The Talents Which He Hath Put Into Our Hands To Negotiate, Till The Coming Again Of Our Blessed Savior, And Therefore Not To Be Folded Up In The Napkin Of An Implicate Faith, But Employed In The Purchase Of Justice, Peace, And True Religion. For Though There Be Many Things In God's Word Above Reason--that Is To Say, Which Cannot By Natural Reason Be Either Demonstrated Or Confuted--yet There Is Nothing Contrary To It.

Those Men That Are So Remissly Governed That They Dare Take Up Arms To Defend Or Introduce An Opinion, Are Still In War, And Their Condition Not Peace, But Only A Cessation Of Arms For Fear Of One Another, And They Live As It Were In The Precincts Of Battle Continually.

The Law Is The Public Conscience.

Unnecessary Laws Are Not Good Laws, But Traps For Money.

... It Is One Thing To Desire, Another To Be In Capacity Fit For What We Desire.

No Man Is Bound By The Words Themselves, Either To Kill Himselfe, Or Any Other Man.

And Whereas Many Men, By Accident Unevitable, Become Unable To Maintain Themselves By Their Labour; They Ought Not To Be Left To The Charity Of Private Persons; But To Be Provided For, (as Far-forth As The Necessities Of Nature Require,) By The Lawes Of The Common-wealth. For As It Is Unchariablenesse In Any Man, To Neglect The Impotent; So It Is In The Soveraign Of A Common-wealth, To Expose Them To The Hazard Of Such Uncertain Charity.

Fear Of Things Invisible Is The Natural Seed Of That Which Everyone In Himself Calleth Religion.

This Is That Law Of The Gospel; Whatsoever You Require That Others Should Do To You, That Do Ye To Them.

A Democracy Is No More Than An Aristocracy Of Orators. The People Are So Readily Moved By Demagogues That Control Must Be Exercised By The Government Over Speech And Press.

It Is Many Times With A Fraudulent Design That Men Stick Their Corrupt Doctrine With The Cloves Of Other Mens Wit.

To Understand This For Sense It Is Not Required That A Man Should Be A Geometrician Or A Logician, But That He Should Be Mad.

The Papacy Is Not Other Than The Ghost Of The Deceased Roman Empire, Sitting Crowned Upon The Grave Thereof.

War Consisteth Not In Battle Only, Or The Act Of Fighting; But In A Tract Of Time, Wherein The Will To Contend By Battle Is Sufficiently Known.

If We Could Suppose A Great Multitude Of Men To Consent To The Observation Of Justice, And Other Laws Of Nature, Without A Common Power To Keep Them All In Awe; We Might As Well Suppose All Mankind To Do The Same; And Then There Neither Would Be Nor Need To Be Any Civil Government Or Commonwealth At All, Because There Would Be Peace Without Subjection.

From The Same It Proceedeth,that Men Gives Different Names, To One And The Same Thing, From The Difference Of Their Own Passions: As They That Approve A Private Opinion, Call It Opinion; But They That Mislike It, Haeresie: And Yet Haeresie Signifies No More Than Private Opinion; But Has Only Agreater Tincture Of Choler

And I Profess Still, That Whatsoever The Church Of England (the Church, I Say, Not Every Doctor) Shall Forbid Me To Say In Matterof Faith, I Shall Abstain From Saying It, Excepting This Point, That Jesus Christ, The Son Of God, Died For My Sins. As For Other Doctrines, I Think It Unlawful, If The Church Define Them, For Any Member Of The Church To Contradict Them.

The Errors Of Definitions Multiply Themselves According As The Reckoning Proceeds; And Lead Men Into Absurdities, Which At Last They See But Cannot Avoid, Without Reckoning Anew From The Beginning.

Corporations Are May Lesser Commonwealths In The Bowels Of A Greater, Like Worms In The Entrails Of A Natural Man.

The Flesh Endures The Storms Of The Present Alone; The Mind, Those Of The Past And Future As Well As The Present. Gluttony Is A Lust Of The Mind.

The Praise Of Ancient Authors Proceeds Not From The Reverence Of The Dead, But From The Competition And Mutual Envy Of The Living.

Silence Is Sometimes An Argument Of Consent.

Hell Is Truth Seen Too Late.

Baptism Is The Sacrament Of Allegiance Of Them That Are To Be Received Into The Kingdom Of God, That Is To Say, Into Eternal Life, That Is To Say, To Remission Of Sin. For As Eternal Life Was Lost By The Committing, So It Is Recovered By The Remitting Of Men's Sins.

Government Is Necessary, Not Because Man Is Naturally Bad... But Because Man Is By Nature More Individualistic Than Social.

The Most Noble And Profitable Invention Of All Other, Was That Of Speech, Consisting Of Names Or Appellations, And Their Connexion; Whereby Men Register Their Thoughts; Recall Them When They Are Past; And Also Declare Them One To Another For Mutuall Utility And Conversation; Without Which, There Had Been Amongst Men, Neither Commonwealth, Nor Society, Nor Contract, Nor Peace, No More Than Amongst Lyons, Bears, And Wolves.

Because Silver And Gold Have Their Value From The Matter Itself, They Have First This Privilege, That The Value Of Them Cannot Be Altered By The Power Of One, Nor Of A Few Commonwealths, As Being A Common Measure Of The Commodities Of All Places. But Base Money May Easily Be Enhanced Or Abased.

Fact Be Vertuous, Or Vicious, As Fortune Pleaseth

From Whence It Follows, That Were The Publique And Private Interest Are Most Closely United, There Is The Publique Most Advanced.

To Speak Impartially, Both Sayings Are Very True: That Man To Man Is A Kind Of God; And That Man To Man Is An Arrant Wolf. The First Is True, If We Compare Citizens Amongst Themselves; And The Second, If We Compare Cities.

If Nobody Makes You Do It, It Counts As Fun.

Subjects Have No Greater Liberty In A Popular Than In A Monarchial State. That Which Deceives Them Is The Equal Participation Of Command.

Curiosity Draws A Man From Consideration Of The Effect, To Seek The Cause.

It's Not The Pace Of Life I Mind. It's The Sudden Stop At The End.

Sudden Glory Is The Passion Which Maketh Those Grimaces Called Laughter.

And Because The Condition Of Man, (as Hath Been Declared In The Precedent Chapter) Is A Condition Of Warre Of Every One Against Everyone; In Which Case Every One Is Governed By His Own Reason; And There Is Nothing He Can Make Use Of, That May Not Be A Help Unto Him, In Preserving His Life Against His Enemyes; It Followeth, That In Such A Condition, Every Man Has A Right To Every Thing; Even To One Anothers Body.

This I Know; God Cannot Sin, Because His Doing A Thing Makes It Just, And Consequently, No Sin.... And Therefore It Is Blasphemy To Say, God Can Sin; But To Say, That God Can So Order The World, As A Sin May Be Necessarily Caused Thereby In A Man, I Do Not See How It Is Any Dishonor To Him.

Fear Of Power Invisible, Feigned By The Mind Or Imagined From Tales Publicly Allowed, Is Religion; Not Allowed, Superstition.

Can It Then Be Doubted, But That God, Who Is Infinitely Fine Spirit, And Withal Intelligent, Can Make And Change All Species And Kind Of Body As He Pleaseth? But I Dare Not Say, That This Is The Way By Which God Almighty Worketh, Because It Is Past My Apprehension: Yet It Serves Very Well To Demonstrate, That The Omnipotence Of God Implieth No Contradiction.

Laughter Is Nothing Else But Sudden Glory Arising From Some Sudden Conception Of Some Eminency In Ourselves, By Comparison With The Infirmity Of Others, Or With Our Own Formerly.

But Yet They That Have No Science , Are In Better, And Nobler Condition With Their Naturall Prudence; Than Men, That By Their Mis-reasoning, Or By Trusting Them That Reason Wrong, Fall Upon False And Absurd Generall Rules.

Curiosity Is The Lust Of The Mind.

A Covenant Not To Defend Myself From Force, By Force, Is Always Void. For... No Man Can Transfer Or Lay Down His Right To Save Himself From Death.

Science Is The Knowledge Of Consequences, And Dependence Of One Fact Upon Another.

And For Incoherent Speech, It Was Amongst The Gentiles Taken For One Sort Of Prophecy, Because The Prophets Of Their Oracles, Intoxicated With A Spirit, Or Vapor From The Cave Of The Pythian Oracle At Delphi, Were For A Time Really Mad, And Spake Like Mad-men; Of Whoose Loose Words A Sense Might Be Made To Fit Any Event, In Such Sort, As All Bodies Are Said To Be Made Of Materia Prima .

Intemperance Is Naturally Punished With Diseases; Rashness, With Mischance; Injustice; With Violence Of Enemies; Pride, With Ruin; Cowardice, With Oppression; And Rebellion, With Slaughter.

Seeing Then That Truth Consisteth In The Right Ordering Of Names In Our Affirmations, A Man That Seeketh Precise Truth, Had Need To Remember What Every Name He Uses Stands For; And To Place It Accordingly; Or Else He Will Find Himself Entangled In Words, As A Bird In Lime-twigs; The More He Struggles, The More Belimed.

And As In Other Things, So In Men, Not The Seller, But The Buyer Determines The Price.

It Is Fairer To Tax People On What They Extract From The Economy, As Roughly Measured By Their Consumption, Than To Tax Them On What They Produce For The Economy, As Roughly Measured By Their Income.

So That In The Nature Of Man, We Find Three Principal Causes Of Quarrel. First, Competition; Secondly, Diffidence; Thirdly, Glory. The First Maketh Men Invade For Gain; The Second, For Safety; And The Third, For Reputation. The First Use Violence, To Make Themselves Masters Of Other Men's Persons, Wives, Children, And Cattle; The Second, To Defend Them; The Third, For Trifles, As A Word, A Smile, A Different Opinion, And Any Other Sign Of Undervalue, Either Direct In Their Persons Or By Reflection In Their Kindred, Their Friends, Their Nation, Their Profession, Or Their Name.

Men Measure Not Only Other Men, But All Other Things, By Themselves.

Prudence Is But Experience, Which Equal Time Equally Bestows On All Men In Those Things They Equally Apply Themselves Unto.

The World Is Governed By Opinion.

Ambition, And Covetousnesse Are Passions That Are Perpetually Incumbent, And Pressing.

Competition Of Praise Inclineth To A Reverence Of Antiquity. For Men Contend With The Living, Not With The Dead.

Opinion Of Ghosts, Ignorance Of Second Causes, Devotion To What Men Fear, And Talking Of Things Casual For Prognostics, Consisteth The Natural Seeds Of Religion

By How Much One Man Has More Experience Of Things Past, Than Another, By So Much Also He Is More Prudent, And His Expectations The Seldomer Fail Him.

But They That Hold God To Be [an Incorporeal Substance]do Absolutely Make God To Be Nothing At All. But How? Were They Atheists? No. For Though By Ignorance Of The Consequence They Said That Which Was Equivalent To Atheism, Yet In Their Hearts They Thought God A Substanceso That This Atheism By Consequence Is A Very Easy Thing To Be Fallen Into, Even By The Most Godly Men Of The Church.

Nature (the Art Whereby God Hath Made And Governs The World) Is By The Art Of Man, As In Many Other Things, So In This Also Imitated, That It Can Make An Artificial Animal. For Seeing Life Is But A Motion Of Limbs, The Beginning Whereof Is In Some Principal Part Within; Why May We Not Say, That All Automata (engines That Move Themselves By Springs And Wheels As Doth A Watch) Have An Artificial Life?

The Scripture Was Written To Shew Unto Men The Kingdom Of God; And To Prepare Their Minds To Become His Obedient Subjects; Leavingthe World, And The Philosophy Thereof, To The Disputation Of Men, For The Exercising Of Their Natural Reason.

For All Laws Are General Judgements, Or Sentences Of The Legislator; As Also Every Particular Judgement Is A Law To Him Whose Case Is Judged.

If This Superstitious Fear Of Spirits Were Taken Away, And With It, Prognostiques From Dreams, False Prophecies, And Many Other Things Depending Thereon, By Which, Crafty Ambitious Persons Abuse The Simple People, Men Would Be Much More Fitted Then They Are For Civill Obedience.

Nature Itself Cannot Err

The Characters Of Man's Heart, Blotted And Confounded As They Are With Dissembling, Lying, Counterfeiting, And Erroneous Doctrines, Are Legible Only To Him That Searcheth Hearts.

Desire Of Praise Disposeth To Laudable Actions.

But His Lordship [tells]us That God Is Wholly Here, And Wholly There, And Wholly Every Where; Because He Has No Parts. I Cannot Comprehend Nor Conceive This. For Methinks It Implies Also That The Whole World Is Also In The Whole God, And In Every Part Of God. Norcan I Find Anything Of This In The Scripture. If I Could Find It There, I Could Believe It; And If I Could Find It In The Public Doctrine Of The Church, I Could Easily Abstain From Contradicting It.

In Sum, All Actions And Habits Are To Be Esteemed Good Or Evil By Their Causes And Usefulness In Reference To The Commonwealth, And Not By Their Mediocrity, Nor By Their Being Commended. For Several Men Praise Several Customs, And, Contrarily, What One Calls Vice, Another Calls Virtue, As Their Present Affections Lead Them.

Where There Is No Common Power, There Is No Law

If Men Are Naturally In A State Of War, Why Do They Always Carry Arms And Why Do They Have Keys To Lock Their Doors?

The First Author Of Speech Was God Himself, That Instructed Adam How To Name Such Creatures As He Presented To His Sight.

So Easy Are Men To Be Drawn To Believe Any Thing, From Such Men As Have Gotten Credit With Them; And Can With Gentleness And Dexterity Take Hold Of Their Fear And Ignorance.

And In These Four Things, Opinion Of Ghosts , Ignorance Of Second Causes, Devotion Towards What Men Fear , And Taking Of Things Casual For Prognostics , Consisteth The Natural Seed Of Religion ; Which By Reason Of The Different Fancies, Judgments And Passions Of Several Men, Has Grown Up Into Ceremonies So Different, That Those Which Are Used By One Man, Are For The Most Part Ridiculous To Another.

To Say That God Is An Incorporeal Substance, Is To Say In Effect There Is No God At All. What Alleges He Against It, But The School-divinity Which I Have Already Answered? Scripture He Can Bring None, Because The Word Incorporeal Is Not Found In Scripture.

For It Is Not The Shape, But Their Use, That Makes Them Angels.

Words Are The Counters Of Wise Men, But The Money Of Fools.

The Enemy Has Been Here In The Night Of Our Natural Ignorance, And Sown The Tares Of Spiritual Errors.

They That Are Discontented Under Monarchy, Call It Tyranny; And They That Are Displeased With Aristocracy, Call It Oligarchy: So Also, They Which Find Themselves Grieved Under A Democracy, Call It Anarchy, Which Signifies The Want Of Government; And Yet I Think No Man Believes, That Want Of Government, Is Any New Kind Of Government.

And As To The Faculties Of The Mind, Setting Aside The Arts Grounded Upon Words, And Especially That Skill Of Proceeding Upon Generall, And Infallible Rules, Called Science; Which Very Few Have, And But In Few Things; As Being Not A Native Faculty, Born Within Us; Nor Attained, (as Prudence,) While We Look After Somewhat Else.

The Oath Adds Nothing To The Obligation. For A Covenant, If Lawful, Binds In The Sight Of God, Without The Oath, As Much As With It; If Unlawful, Bindeth Not At All, Though It Be Confirmed With An Oath.

The Best Men Are The Least Suspicious Of Fraudulent Purposes.

Whatsoever Therefore Is Consequent To A Time Of War, Where Every Man Is Enemy To Every Man, The Same Consequent To The Time Wherein Men Live Without Other Security Than What Their Own Strength And Their Own Invention Shall Furnish Them Withal. In Such Condition There Is No Place For Industry... No Knowledge Of The Face Of The Earth; No Account Of Time; No Arts; No Letters; No Society; And Which Is Worst Of All, Continual Fear, And Danger Of Violent Death; And The Life Of Man, Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, And Short.

How Could A State Be Governed, Or Protected In Its Foreign Relations If Every Individual Remained Free To Obey Or Not To Obey The Law According To His Private Opinion.

I Know Not How The World Will Receive It, Nor How It May Reflect On Those That Shall Seem To Favor It. For In A Way Beset With Those That Contend, On One Side For Too Great Liberty , And On The Other Side For Too Much Authority , 'tis Hard To Passe Between The Points Of Both Unwounded.

Reason Is The Soul Of The Law.

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