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Of True Knowledge At Any Time, A Good Part Is Merely Convenient, Necessary Indeed To The Worker, But Not To An Understanding Of His Subject: One Can Judge A Building Without Knowing Where To Buy The Bricks; One Can Understand A Violin Sonata Without Knowing How To Score For The Instrument. The Work May In Fact Be Better Understood Without A Knowledge Of The Details Of Its Manufacture, Of Attention To These Tends To Distract From Meaning And Effect.

-Jacques Barzun

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Of True Knowledge At

Jacques Barzun

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Of True Knowledge At Any Time, A Good Part Is Merely Convenient, Necessary Indeed To The Worker, But Not To An Understanding Of His Subject: One Can Judge A Building Without Knowing Where To Buy The Bricks; One Can Understand A Violin Sonata Without Knowing How To Score For The Instrument. The Work May In Fact Be Better Understood Without A Knowledge Of The Details Of Its Manufacture, Of Attention To These Tends To Distract From Meaning And Effect.

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The Ever-present Impulse Is To Push Against Restriction And, In So Doing, To Feel Intolerably Hemmed In. Thus In Practice, Every Liberation Increases The Sense Of Oppression. Nor Is The Paradox Merely In The Mind: The Laws Enacted To Secure The Rights Of Every Person And Group, By Creating Protective Boundaries, Create New Barriers.

Whoever Wants To Know The Heart And Mind Of America Had Better Learn Baseball, The Rules And Realities Of The Game - And Do It By Watching First Some High School Or Small-town Teams.

It Is Not Clear To Anyone, Least Of All The Practitioners, How Science And Technology In Their Headlong Course Do Or Should Influence Ethics And Law, Education And Government, Art And Social Philosophy, Religion And The Life Of The Affections. Yet Science Is An All-pervasive Energy, For It Is At Once A Mode Of Thought, A Source Of Strong Emotion, And A Faith As Fanatical As Any In History.

Only A Great Mind That Is Overthrown Yields Tragedy

Except Among Those Whose Education Has Been In The Minimalist Style, It Is Understood That Hasty Moral Judgments About The Past Are A Form Of Injustice.

To Denounce Does Not Free The Self From What It Hates, Any More Than Ignoring The Past Shuts Off Its Influence.

The Intellectuals' Chief Cause Of Anguish Are One Another's Works.

Take A Portion Of Wit, And Fashion It Fit, Like A Needle, With Point And With Eye: A Point That Can Wound, An Eye To Look Round, And At Folly Or Vice Let It Fly

Above All, Do Not Talk Yourself Out Of Good Ideas By Trying To Expound Them At Haphazard Meetings.

To Delve Into History Entails, Besides The Grievance Of Hard Work, The Danger That In The Depths One May Lose One’s Scapegoats.

It Is Always Some Illusion That Creates Disillusion, Especially In The Young, For Whom The Only Alternative To Perfection Is Cynicism.

Speech, After All, Is In Some Measure An Expression Of Character, And Flexibility In Its Use Is A Good Way To Tell Your Friends From The Robots.

Time And Rest Are Needed For Absorption. Psychologists Confirm That It Is Really In The Summer That Our Muscles Learn To Skate And In The Winter, How To Swim.

Since In Every European Country Between 1870 And 1914 There Was A War Party Demanding Armaments, An Individualist Party Demanding Ruthless Competition, An Imperialist Party Demanding A Free Hand Over Backward Peoples, A Socialist Party Demanding The Conquest Of Power And A Racialist Party Demanding Internal Purges Against Aliens - All Of Them, When Appeals To Greed And Glory Failed, Invoked Spencer And Darwin, Which Was To Say Science Incarnate.

The Piano Is The Social Instrument Par Excellence... Drawing-room Furniture, A Sign Of Bourgeois Prosperity, The Most Massive Of The Devices By Which The Young Are Tortured In The Name Of Education And The Grown-up In The Name Of Entertainment.

You Never Step In The Same River Of Thought Twice, Because Neither You Nor It Are The Same.

The History Of Creation Is But A Succession Of Battles Between Amateurs Of Genius-inspired Heretics- And Orthodox Professionals.

The World Has Long Observed That Small Acts Of Immorality, If Repeated, Will Destroy Character. It Is Equally Manifest, Though Never Said, That Uttering Nonsense And Half-truth Without Cease Ends By Destroying Intellect

Universities Incline Wits To Sophistry And Affectation.

The Test And The Use Of Man's Education Is That He Finds Pleasure In The Exercise Of His Mind.

Art Distills Sensation And Embodies It With Enhanced Meaning In A Memorable Form - Or Else It Is Not Art.

If Civilization Has Risen From The Stone Age, It Can Rise Again From The Wastepaper Age.

Like Rousseau, Whom He Resembles Even More Than He Resembles Voltaire, Shaw Never Gave A Social Form To His Assertiveness, Never Desired To Arrive And To Assimilate Himself, Or Wield Authority As Of Right.

No One Has Ever Used Historical Examples, Near Or Remote, With The Detail, Precision, And Directness To Be Found In Every Page Of Shaw.

One Great Aim Of Revision Is To Cut Out. In The Exuberance Of Composition It Is Natural To Throw In - As One Does In Speaking - A Number Of Small Words That Add Nothing To Meaning But Keep Up The Flow And Rhythm Of Thought. In Writing, Not Only Does This Surplusage Not Add To Meaning, It Subtracts From It. Read And Revise, Reread And Revise, Keeping Reading And Revising Until Your Text Seems Adequate To Your Thought.

Boredom And Fatigue Are Great Historical Forces.

Life Is Given Us As A Passion.

We Cannot Appreciate The Art Of Any Age Without First Acquiring An Equivalent Of The Experience It Depicts.

When Plugged In, The Least Elaborate Computer Can Be Relied On To Work To The Fullest Extent Of Its Capacity. The Greatest Mind Cannot Be Relied On For The Simplest Thing; Its Variability Is Its Superiority.

History, Like A Vast River, Propels Logs, Vegetation, Rafts, And Debris; It Is Full Of Live And Dead Things, Some Destined For Resurrection; It Mingles Many Waters And Holds In Solution Invisible Substances Stolen From Distant Soils.

Look For All Fancy Wordings And Get Rid Of Themavoid All Terms And Expressions, Old Or New, That Embody Affectation.

Vanity Is A Static Thing. It Puts It Faith In What It Has, And Is Easily Wounded. Pride Is Active, And Satisfied Only With What It Can Do, Hence Accustomed Not To Feel Small Stings.

Everybody Keeps Calling For Excellence - Excellence Not Just In Schooling, Throughout Society. But As Soon As Somebody Or Something Stands Out As Excellent, The Other Shout Goes Up: "elitism!" And Whatever Produced That Thing, Whoever Praises That Result, Is Promptly Put Down. "standing Out" Is Undemocratic.

A Man Who Has Both Feet Planted Firmly In The Air Can Be Safely Called A Liberal As Opposed To The Conservative, Who Has Both Feet Firmly Planted In His Mouth.

The Greatest Artists Have Never Been Men Of Taste. By Never Sophisticating Their Instincts They Have Never Lost The Awareness Of The Great Simplicities, Which They Relish Both From Appetite And From The Challenge These Offer To Skill In Competition With Popular Art.

Regarding The Idea Of Race, .. No Agreement Seems To Exist About What Race Means. Race Seems To Embody A Fact As Simple And As Obvious As The Noonday Sun, But If That Is So, Why The Endless Wrangling About The Idea And The Facts Of Race. What Is A Race? How Can It Be Recognized? Who Constitute The Several Races?.

Bad Writing, It Is Easily Verified, Has Never Kept Scholarship From Being Published.

I Have Always Been - I Think Any Student Of History Almost Inevitably Is - A Cheerful Pessimist.

On The One Hand, Society Needs A Common Faith And Vigorous Institutions With The Power To Coerce; And On The Other, The Individual As A Human Soul Or As The Bearer Of A New And Possibly Saving Heresy, Must Be Free. It Is Difficult Enough To Reconcile These Two Needs, But The Problem Holds Another Hazard: The Need Of Action Under The Pressure Of Time.

Grab A Pen And Put Down Some Words - Your Name Even - And A Title: Something To See, To Revise, To Carve, To Do Over In The Opposite Way

The Ascetic Is Often A Sensualist Who Has Reached The Limit Of His Capacity.

On Reflection, Moral Judgment In The Arts Appears Rather As A Tribute To Their Power To Influence Emotion And Possibly Conduct. And Reflecting Further On What Some Critics Do Today, One Sees That A Good Many Have Merely Shifted The Ground Of Their Moralism, Transferring Their Impulse Of Righteousness To Politics And Social Issues.

Among The Words That Can Be All Things To All Men, The Word "race" Has A Fair Claim To Being The Most Common, Most Ambiguous And Most Explosive. No One Today Would Deny That It Is One Of The Great Catchwords About Which Ink And Blood Are Spilled In Reckless Quantities. Yet No Agreement Seems To Exist About What Race Means.

Americans Began By Loving Youth, And Now, Out Of Adult Self-pity, They Worship It.

Of True Knowledge At Any Time, A Good Part Is Merely Convenient, Necessary Indeed To The Worker, But Not To An Understanding Of His Subject: One Can Judge A Building Without Knowing Where To Buy The Bricks; One Can Understand A Violin Sonata Without Knowing How To Score For The Instrument. The Work May In Fact Be Better Understood Without A Knowledge Of The Details Of Its Manufacture, Of Attention To These Tends To Distract From Meaning And Effect.

Highly-adaptive, Informal Networks Move Diagonally And Eliptically, Skipping Entire Functions To Get Things Done.

By The Time I Was 9, I Had The Conviction That Everybody In The World Was An Artist Except Plumbers Or People Who Delivered Groceries.

Of Course, Clothing Fashions Have Always Been Impractical, Except In Tahiti.

If It Were Possible To Talk To The Unborn, One Could Never Explain To Them How It Feels To Be Alive, For Life Is Washed In The Speechless Real.

It Seems A Long Time Since The Morning Mail Could Be Called Correspondence.

No Subject Of Study Is More Important Than Reading…all Other Intellectual Powers Depend On It.

Democracy, To Maintain Itself, Must Repeatedly Conquer Every Cell And Corner Of The Nation. How Many Of Our Public Institutions And Private Businesses, Our Schools, Hospitals, And Domestic Hearths Are In Reality Little Fascist States Where Freedom Of Speech Is More Rigorously Excluded Than Vermin?

Maxims In Times Of Danger Are Useless, Experience Is Incommunicable. The Knotted Strands Of Life, Desire, Assumptions, And Moral Codes Cannot Be Unsnarled; They Can Only Be Cut, Which Is What Happens When An Air Raid Occurs, With A Silencing Fortissimo Like The Finale Of A Beethoven Symphony.

The Professionals Resemble And Recognize Each Other By Virtue Of The Stigmata That Their Trade Has Left Upon Them. They Are Like The Dog In The Fable, Whose Collar Has Made An Indelible Mark Around His Neck. The Amateur Is The Shaggy Wolf Whom No Dog Had Better Trust Too Far.

Political Correctness Does Not Legislate Tolerance; It Only Organizes Hatred.

The Danger That May Really Threaten (crime Fiction) Is That Soon There Will Be More Writers Than Readers

A Student Under My Care Owes His First Allegiance To Himself And Not To My Specialty; And Must Not Be Burdened With My Work As If He Followed No Other And Had Contracted No Obligation Under Heaven But That Of Satisfying My Requirements.

Let Us Face A Pluralistic World In Which There Are No Universal Churches, No Single Remedy For All Diseases, No One Way To Teach Or Write Or Sing, No Magic Diet, No World Poets, And No Chosen Races, But Only The Wretched And Wonderfully Diversified Human Race.

My Notion About Any Artist Is That We Honor Him Best By Reading Him, By Playing His Music, By Seeing His Plays Or By Looking At His Pictures. We Don't Need To Fall All Over Ourselves With Adjectives And Epithets. Let's Play Him More.

The Eager Or Dutiful Persons Who Subject Themselves To These Tidal Waves Of The Classics And The Moderns Find Everything Wonderful In An Absent-minded Way. The Wonder Washes Over Them Rather Than Into Them, And One Of Its Effects Is To Make Anything Shocking Or Odd Suddenly Interesting Enough To Gain A Month's Celebrity. And So Another By-product Of Our Come-one, Come-all Policy Is The Tendency To Reward Cleverness, Not Art, And To Put One More Hurdle In The Path Of The Truly Original Artist.

The Educated Man Had Throughout The Ages Found A Way To Covert Passionate Activity Into Silent And Motionless Pleasure. He Can Sit Still In A Room And Not Perish.

In A Large University, There Are As Many Deans And Executive Heads As There Are Schools And Departments. Their Relations To One Another Are Intricate And Periodic; In Fact, "galaxy" Is Too Loose A Term: It Is A Planetarium Of Deans With The President Of The University As A Central Sun. One Can See Eclipses, Inner Systems, And Oppositions.

Idealism Springs From Deep Feelings, But Feelings Are Nothing Without The Formulated Idea That Keeps Them Whole.

Criticism Will Need An Injection Of Humility That Is, A Recognition Of Its Role As Ancillary To The Arts, Needed Only Occasionally In A Temporary Capacity. Since The Critic Exists Only For Introducing And Explaining, He Must Be Readily Intelligible; He Has No Special Vocabulary: Criticism Is In No Way A Science Or A System.

The Philosophical Implication Of Race-thinking Is That By Offering Us The Mystery Of Heredity As An Explanation, It Diverts Our Attention From The Social And Intellectual Factors That Make Up Personality.

Strangers Who Have Seen Shaw Face To Face Are Wont To Report Their Surprise At His Gentleness And Consideration, His Willingness To Listen And His Complete Lack Of Pose.

Convince Yourself That You Are Working In Clay, Not Marble, On Paper Not Eternal Bronze: Let That First Sentence Be As Stupid As It Wishes.

In Any Assembly The Simplest Way To Stop Transacting Business And Split The Ranks Is To Appeal To A Principle.

Since It Is Seldom Clear Whether Intellectual Activity Denotes A Superior Mode Of Being Or A Vital Deficiency, Opinion Swings Between Considering Intellect A Privilege And Seeing It As A Handicap

[t]hat Is The Triumph Of History - Truth Absolute Is Not At Hand; The Original With Which To Match The Copy Does Not Exist.

In Producers, Loafing Is Productive; And No Creator, Of Whatever Magnitude, Has Ever Been Able To Skip That Stage, Any More Than A Mother Can Skip Gestation.

Seeing Clearly Within Himself And Always Able To Dodge Around The Ends Of Any Position, Including His Own, Shaw Assumed From The Start The Dual Role Of Prophet And Gadfly. To His Contemporaries It Appeared Frivolous And Contradictory To Perform As Both Superman And Socialist, Sceptic And Believer, Legalist And Heretic, High-brow And Mob-orator. But Feeling The Duty To Teach As Well As To Mirror Mankind, Shaw Did Not Accept Himself As A Contradictory Being.

Finding Oneself Was A Misnomer; A Self Is Not Found But Made.

The Book, Like The Bicycle, Is A Perfect Form.

The Truth Is, When All Is Said And Done, One Does Not Teach A Subject, One Teaches A Student How To Learn It.

Machines Are Admirable And Tyrannize Only With The User's Consent. Where, Then, Is The Enemy? Not Where The Machine Gives Relief From Drudgery But Where Human Judgment Abdicates. The Smoothest Machine-made Product Of The Age Is The Organization Man, For Even The Best Organizing Principle Tends To Corrupt, And The Mechanical Principle Corrupts Absolutely.

Writing, At Least A Craft And At Its Best An Art, Aspiring To The Unique, Is The Most Difficult To Learn.

Science Is, In The Best And Strictest Sense, Glorious Entertainment

Education In The United States Is A Passion And A Paradox. Millions Want It, And Commend It, And Are Busy About It. At The Same Time They Degrade It By Trying To Get It Free Of Charge And Free Of Work.

We May Complain And Cavil At The Anarchy Which Is The Amateurs Natural Element, But In Soberness We Must Agree That If The Amateur Did Not Exist It Would Be Necessary To Invent Him.

Natural Elements

Music, Not Being Made Up Of Objects Nor Referring To Objects, Is Intangible And Ineffable; It Can Only Be As It Were Inhaled By The Spirit: The Rest Is Silence.

For The Educated, The Authority Of Science Rested On The Strictness Of Its Methods; For The Mass, It Rested On The Powers Of Explanation.

Out Of Man's Mind In Free Play Comes The Creation Science. It Renews Itself, Like The Generations, Thanks To An Activity Which Is The Best Game Of Homo Ludens: Science Is In The Strictest And Best Sense A Glorious Entertainment.

To Watch A Football Game Is To Be In A Prolonged Neurotic Doubt As To What You're Seeing. It's More Like An Emergency Happening At A Distance Than A Game. I Don't Wonder The Spectators Take To Drink.

Above All, The Ability To Feel The Force Of An Argument Apart From The Substance It Deals With Is The Strongest Weapon Against Prejudice.

Music Is Intended And Designed For Sentient Beings That Have Hopes And Purposes And Emotions.

The Mind Tends To Run Along The Groove Of One's Intention And Overlook The Actual Expression.

When People Accept Futility And The Absurd As Normal, The Culture Is Decadent.

The Reason Why Research Is Like Sculpting From Memory Is That In Neither Is There A Concrete Visible Subject To Copy Directly. The Subject - As Sculptors Themselves Are Fond Of Saying - Is Hidden In The Block Of Material.

Simple English Is No One’s Mother Tongue. It Has To Be Worked For.

Intellect Has Nothing To Do With Equality Except To Respect It As A Sublime Convention.

Can An Idea A Notion As Abstract As Relativism Produce By Itself The Effects Alleged? Cause All The Harm, Destroy All The Lives And Reputations? I Am As Far As Anyone Can Be From Denying The Power Of Ideas In History, But The Suggestion That A Philosophy (as Relativism Is Often Called) Has Perverted Millions And Debased Daily Life Is On The Face Of It Absurd. No Idea Working Alone Has Ever Demoralized Society, And There Have Been Plenty Of Ideas Simpler And More Exciting Than Relativism.

The Nation In Arms Is Virtually A Communist State: The People Must Be Paid Wages And Fed And Protected And Regimented Behind The Lines As Much As On The Front. Minds Must Be Kept Loyal And At The Right Pitch Of Hate, So That Successive Drafts Of Fighters Are Accepted Without Murmurings. Letters And Newspapers Must Be Censored While The Propaganda Mill Grinds On. As For Decisions Of Strategy And Overall Command, They Must Please Many Masters: Dissenters In The Cabinet, The Heads Of The Allied States And Public Opinion. Hence Failures Must Be Disguised Or Concealed.

It Is Only In The Shadows, When Some Fresh Wave, Truly Original, Truly Creative, Breaks Upon The Shore, That There Will Be A Rediscovery Of The West.

We Are Accustomed To The Artist Scoundrel Or Specialist In Vice, And Unaccustomed To The Creator In Whom Passion And Reason And Moral Integrity Hold In Balance. But Greatness Of Intellect And Feeling, Or Soul And Conduct - Magnanimity, In Short - Does Occur; It Is Not A Myth For Boy Scouts, And Its Reality Is Important, If Only To Give Us The True Range Of The Term "human," Which We So Regularly Define By Its Lower Reaches.

Shaw Does Not Merely Decorate A Proposition, But Makes His Way From Point To Point Through New And Difficult Territory. This Explains Why Shaw Must Either Be Taken Whole Or Left Alone. He Must Be Disassembled And Put Together Again With Nothing Left Out, Under Pain Of Incomprehension; For His Politics, His Art, And His Religion - To Say Nothing Of The Shape Of His Sentences - Are Unique Expressions Of This Enormously Enlarged And Yet Concentrated Consciousness.

Tennis Belongs To The Individualistic Past - A Hero, Or At Most A Pair Of Friends Or Lovers, Against The World.

In Teaching You Cannot See The Fruit Of A Day's Work. It Is Invisible And Remains So, Maybe For Twenty Years.

Teaching Is Not A Lost Art, But The Regard For It Is A Lost Tradition.

I Once Worked As A Salesman And Was Very Independent. I Took Orders From No One.

I Can Only Think That The Book Is Read Because It Deals With The Difficulties Of Schooling, Which Do Not Change. Please Note: The Difficulties, Not The Problems. Problems Are Solved Or Disappear With The Revolving Times. Difficulities Remain. It Will Always Be Difficult To Teach Well, To Learn Accurately; To Read, Write, And Count Readily And Competently; To Acquire A Sense Of History And Start One's Education Or Anothers.

In Ordinary Speech The Words Perception And Sensation Tend To Be Used Interchangeably, But The Psychologist Distinguishes. Sensations Are The Items Of Consciousness--a Color, A Weight, A Texture--that We Tend To Think Of As Simple And Single. Perceptions Are Complex Affairs That Embrace Sensation Together With Other, Associated Or Revived Contents Of The Mind, Including Emotions.

The Sole Justification Of Teaching, Of The School Itself, Is That The Student Comes Out Of It Able To Do Something He Could Not Do Before. I Say Do And Not Know, Because Knowledge That Doesn't Lead To Doing Something New Or Doing Something Better Is Not Knowledge At All.

A Culture May Be Conceived As A Network Of Beliefs And Purposes In Which Any String In The Net Pulls And Is Pulled By The Others,thus Perpetually Changing The Configuration Of The Whole. If The Cultural Element Called Morals Takes On A New Shape, We Must Ask What Other Strings Have Pulled It Out Of Line. It Cannot Be One Solitary String, Nor Even The Strings Nearby, For The Network Is Three-dimensional At Least.

The One Thing That Unifies Men In A Given Age Is Not Their Individual Philosophies But The Dominant Problem That These Philosophies Are Designed To Solve.

A Person Is Not A Democrat Thanks To His Ignorance Of Literature And The Arts, Nor An Elitist Because He Or She Has Cultivated Them. The Possession Of Knowledge Makes For Unjust Power Over Others Only If Used For That Very Purpose: A Physician Or Lawyer Or Clergyman Can Exploit Or Humiliate Others, Or He Can Be A Humanitarian And A Benefactor. In Any Case, It Is Absurd To Conjure Up Behind Anybody Who Exploits His Educated Status The Existence Of An "elite" Scheming To Oppress The Rest Of Us.

Great Cultural Changes Begin In Affectation And End In Routine.

The Reason Teaching Has To Go On Is That Children Are Not Born Human; They Are Made So.

I'll Read, And Then I'll Take Naps. When I Feel Sleep Coming On, I Give In And Don't Fight It.

Baseball Is A Kind Of Collective Chess With Arms And Legs In Full Play Under Sunlight.

After Being Boxed In By Man And His Constructions In Europe And The East, The Release Into Space Is Exhilarating. The Horizon Is A Huge Remote Circle, And No Hills Intervene.

Schools Are Not Intended To Moralize A Wicked World, But To Impart Knowledge And Develop Intelligence, With Only Two Social Aims In Mind: Prepare To Take On One's Share In The World's Work, And Perhaps In Addition, Lend A Hand In Improving Society, After Schooling Is Done.

Science Is An All-pervasive Energy, For It Is At Once A Mode Of Thought, A Source Of Strong Emotion, And A Faith As Fanatical As Any In History.

Bernard Shaw Remains The Only Model We Have Of What The Citizen Of A Democracy Should Be: An Informed Participant In All Things We Deem Important To The Society And The Individual.

Old Age Is Like Learning A New Profession. And Not One Of Your Own Choosing.

An Artist Has Every Right - One May Even Say A Duty - To Exhibit His Productions As Prominently As He Can.

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