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It Would Be Naïve To Imagine That Any Analysis Of Experience Is Dependent On Pattern Expressed In Language. Any Concept, Whether Or Not It Forms Part Of The System Of Grammatical Categories, Can Be Conveyed In Any Language. If A Notion Is Lacking In A Given Series, It Implies A Different Configuration And Not A Lack Of Expressive Power.

-Edward Sapir

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It Would Be Naïve

Edward Sapir

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It Would Be Naïve To Imagine That Any Analysis Of Experience Is Dependent On Pattern Expressed In Language. Any Concept, Whether Or Not It Forms Part Of The System Of Grammatical Categories, Can Be Conveyed In Any Language. If A Notion Is Lacking In A Given Series, It Implies A Different Configuration And Not A Lack Of Expressive Power.

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Language Is An Anonymous, Collective And Unconscious Art; The Result Of The Creativity Of Thousands Of Generations.

No Important National Language, At Least In The Occidental World, Has Complete Regularity Of Grammatical Structure, Nor Is There A Single Logical Category Which Is Adequately And Consistently Handled In Terms Of Linguistic Symbolism.

Cultural Anthropology Is More And More Rapidly Getting To Realize Itself As A Strictly Historical Science.

These Examples Of The Lack Of Simplicity In English And French, All Appearances To The Contrary, Could Be Multiplied Almost Without Limit And Apply To All National Languages.

The Spirit Of Logical Analysis Should In Practice Blend With The Practical Pressure For The Adoption Of Some Form Of International Language, But It Should Not Allow Itself To Be Stampeded By It.

A Standard International Language Should Not Only Be Simple, Regular, And Logical, But Also Rich And Creative.

More And More, Unsolicited Gifts From Without Are Likely To Be Received With Unconscious Resentment.

Comparison Of Statements Made At Different Periods Frequently Enable Us To Give Maximal And Minimal Dates To The Appearance Of A Cultural Element Or To Assign The Time Limits To A Movement Of Population.

Cultural Anthropology Is Not Valuable Because It Uncovers The Archaic In The Psychological Sense. It Is Valuable Because It Is Constantly Rediscovering The Normal.

Fashion Is Custom In The Guise Of Departure From Custom

English, Once Accepted As An International Language, Is No More Secure Than French Has Proved To Be As The One And Only Accepted Language Of Diplomacy Or As Latin Has Proved To Be As The International Language Of Science.

Impatience Translates Itself Into A Desire To Have Something Immediate Done About It All, And, As Is Generally The Case With Impatience, Resolves Itself In The Easiest Way That Lies Ready To Hand.

The Psychology Of A Language Which, In One Way Or Another, Is Imposed Upon One Because Of Factors Beyond One's Control, Is Very Different From The Psychology Of A Language Which One Accepts Of One's Free Will.

National Languages Are All Huge Systems Of Vested Interests Which Sullenly Resist Critical Inquiry.

In A Sense, Every Form Of Expression Is Imposed Upon One By Social Factors, One's Own Language Above All.

A Firm, For Instance, That Does Business In Many Countries Of The World Is Driven To Spend An Enormous Amount Of Time, Labour, And Money In Providing For Translation Services.

Countries Of The World

We See And Hear And Otherwise Experience Very Largely As We Do Because The Language Habits Of Our Community Predispose Certain Choices Of Interpretation.

What Fetters The Mind And Benumbs The Spirit Is Ever The Dogged Acceptance Of Absolutes.

Human Beings Do Not Live In The Objective World Alone, Nor Alone In The World Of Social Activity As Ordinarily Understood, But Are Very Much At The Mercy Of The Particular Language Which Has Become The Medium Of Expression For Their Society.

Human Beings Do Not Wish To Be Modest; They Want To Be As Expressive - That Is, As Immodest - As Fear Allows; Fashion Helps Them Solve That Paradoxical Problem.

A Common Creation Demands A Common Sacrifice, And Perhaps Not The Least Potent Argument In Favour Of A Constructed International Language Is The Fact That It Is Equally Foreign, Or Apparently So, To The Traditions Of All Nationalities.

It Would, Of Course, Be Hopeless To Attempt To Crowd Into An International Language All Those Local Overtones Of Meaning Which Are So Dear To The Heart Of The Nationalist.

A Common Allegiance To Form Of Expression That Is Identified With No Single National Unit Is Likely To Prove One Of The Most Potent Symbols Of The Freedom Of The Human Spirit That The World Has Yet Known.

It Would Be Naïve To Imagine That Any Analysis Of Experience Is Dependent On Pattern Expressed In Language. Any Concept, Whether Or Not It Forms Part Of The System Of Grammatical Categories, Can Be Conveyed In Any Language. If A Notion Is Lacking In A Given Series, It Implies A Different Configuration And Not A Lack Of Expressive Power.

So Far As The Advocates Of A Constructed International Language Are Concerned, It Is Rather To Be Wondered At How Much In Common Their Proposals Actually Have, Both In Vocabulary And In General Spirit Of Procedure.

It Is Quite An Illusion To Imagine That One Adjusts To Reality Essentially Without The Use Of Language And That Language Is Merely An Incidental Means Of Solving Specific Problems Of Communication Or Reflection.

Both French And Latin Are Involved With Nationalistic And Religious Implications Which Could Not Be Entirely Shaken Off, And So, While They Seemed For A Long Time To Have Solved The International Language Problem Up To A Certain Point, They Did Not Really Do So In Spirit.

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The Fact Of The Matter Is That The 'real World' Is To A Large Extent Unconsciously Built Up On The Language Habits Of The Group.

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No Two Languages Are Ever Sufficiently Similar To Be Considered As Representing The Same Social Reality.

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As A Matter Of Fact, A National Language Which Spreads Beyond Its Own Confines Very Quickly Loses Much Of Its Original Richness Of Content And Is In No Better Case Than A Constructed Language.

Were A Language Ever Completely "grammatical" It Would Be A Perfect Engine Of Conceptual Expression. Unfortunately, Or Luckily, No Language Is Tyrannically Consistent. All Grammars Leak.

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I Am Convinced That The Stratigraphic Method Will In The Future Enable Archaeology To Throw Far More Light On The History Of American Culture Than It Has Done In The Past.

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