My Readers, Who May At First Be Apt To Consider Quotation As Downright Pedantry, Will Be Surprised When I Assure Them, That Next To The Simple Imitation Of Sounds And Gestures, Quotation Is The Most Natural And Most Frequent Habitude Of Human Nature. For, Quotation Must Not Be Confined To Passages Adduced Out Of Authors. He Who Cites The Opinion, Or Remark, Or Saying Of Another, Whether It Has Been Written Or Spoken, Is Certainly One Who Quotes; And This We Shall Find To Be Universally Practiced.

-James Boswell

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My Readers, Who May

James Boswell

Topic

Simple

Firsts

More From James Boswell

A Woman's Preaching Is Like A Dog's Walking On His Hinter Legs. It Is Not Done Well; But You Are Surprised To See It Done At All.

Sarcastic

Dog

Done

My Father Had Declared A Predilection For Heirs General, That Is, Males And Females Indiscriminately.... I, On The Other Hand, Had A Zealous Partiality For Heirs Male, However Remote.

Father

Hands

Males

If A Man Who Is Born To A Fortune Cannot Make Himself Easier And Freer Than Those Who Are Not, He Gains Nothing.

Freedom

Men

Liberty

A Companion Loves Some Agreeable Qualities Which A Man May Possess, But A Friend Loves The Man Himself.

Love

Friendship

Real

After We Came Out Of The Church, We Stood Talking For Some Time Together Of Bishop Berkeley's Ingenious Sophistry To Prove The Non-existence Of Matter, And That Every Thing In The Universe Is Merely Ideal. I Observed, That Though We Are Satisfied His Doctrine Is Not True, It Is Impossible To Refute It. I Never Shall Forget The Alacrity With Which Johnson Answered, Striking His Foot With Mighty Force Against A Large Stone, Till He Rebounded From It, "i Refute It Thus."

Philosophy

Science

Feet

My Wife, Who Does Not Like Journalizing, Said It Was Leaving Myself Embowelled To Posterity--a Good Strong Figure. But I Think Itis Rather Leaving Myself Embalmed. It Is Certainly Preserving Myself.

Strong

Thinking

Wife

When We Know Exactly All A Man's Views And How He Comes To Speak And Act So And So, We Lose Any Respect For Him, Though We May Love And Admire Him.

Men

Views

May

What A Curious Creature Is Man; With What A Variety Of Powers And Faculties Is He Endued; Yet How Easily Is He Disturbed And Put Out Of Order.

Men

Order

Psychological

Writing A Book I Have Found To Be Like Building A House. A Man Forms A Plan, And Collects Materials. He Thinks He Has Enough To Raise A Large And Stately Edifice; But After He Has Arranged, Compacted And Polished, His Work Turns Out To Be A Very Small Performance. The Authour However Like The Builder, Knows How Much Labour His Work Has Cost Him; And Therefore Estimates It At A Higher Rate Than Other People Think It Deserves

Book

Writing

Men

If Venereal Delight And The Power Of Propagating The Species Were Permitted Only To The Virtuous, It Would Make The World Very Good.

Delight

World

Very Good

I Fancy Mankind May Come, In Time, To Write All Aphoristically.

Writing

May

Fancy

But The Question Is, Whether The Animals Who Endure Such Sufferings Of Various Kinds For The Service And Entertainment Of Man, Would Accept Existence Upon The Terms On Which They Have It.

Animal

Men

Suffering

The Pleasure Of Gratifying Whim Is Very Great. It Is Known Only By Those Who Are Whimsical.

Whimsical

Pleasure

Whim

We Had Some Port, And Drank Damnation To The Play And Eternal Remorse To The Author.

Drinking

Play

Criticism

What An Insignificant Life Is This Which I Am Now Leading!

Life Is

Insignificant

After I Went To Bed I Had A Curious Fancy As To Dreams. In Sleep The Doors Of The Mind Are Shut, And Thoughts Come Jumping In At The Windows. They Tumble Headlong, And Therefore Are So Disorderly And Strange. Sometimes They Are Stout And Light On Their Feet, And Then They Are Rational Dreams.

Dream

Sleep

Thoughtful

My Mind Was, As It Were, Strongly Impregnated With The Johnsonian Ether.

Mind

Simple

Firsts

All Censure Of A Man's Self Is Oblique Praise.

Men

Self

Praise

[a]s A Lady Adjusts Her Dress Before A Mirror, A Man Adjusts His Character By Looking At His Journal.

Character

Men

Mirrors

Friendship, "the Wine Of Life," Should, Like A Well-stocked Cellar, Be Continually Renewed; And It Is Consolatory To Think, That Although We Can Seldom Add What Will Equal The Generous First Growths Of Our Youth, Yet Friendship Becomes Insensibly Old In Much Less Time Than Is Commonly Imagined, And Not Many Years Are Required To Make It Mellow And Pleasant.

Wine

Thinking

Years

I Am Now To Offer Some Thoughts Upon That Sameness Or Familiarity Which We Frequently Find Between Passages In Different Authors Without Quotation. This May Be One Of Three Things Either What Is Called Plagiarism, Or Imitation, Or Coincidence.

Different

Three

May

Buffon, Who, With All His Theoretical Ingenuity And Extraordinary Eloquence, I Suspect Had Little Actual Information In The Science On Which He Wrote So Admirably For Instance, He Tells Us That The Cow Sheds Her Horns Every Two Years; A Most Palpable Error. ... It Is Wonderful That Buffon Who Lived So Much In The Country At His Noble Seat Should Have Fallen Into Such A Blunder I Suppose He Has Confounded The Cow With The Deer.

Country

Writing

Science

I Find I Journalize Too Tediously. Let Me Try To Abbreviate.

Trying

Journalism

Let Me

Boswell: But, Sir Is It Not Somewhat Singular That You Should Happen To Have Cocker's Arithmetic About You On Your Journey? Dr. Johnson: Why, Sir If You Are To Have But One Book With You Upon A Journey, Let It Be A Book Of Science. When You Read Through A Book Of Entertainment, You Know It, And It Can Do No More For You; But A Book Of Science Is Inexhaustible.

Book

Science

Journey

Have A Sense Of Piety Ever On Your Mind, And Be Ever Mindful That This Is Subject To No Change, But Will Last You As Long As Life And Support You In Death. Elevate Your Soul By Prayer And By Contemplation Without Mystical Enthusiasm.

Prayer

Support You

Long

It Is Not Every Man Who Can Be Exquisitely Miserable, Any More Than Exquisitely Happy.

Men

Miserable

Every Man

A Sceptick Therefore, Who Because He Finds That Truths Are Not Universally Received, Doubts Of Their Existence, Is Just As Foolish As A Man Who Should Try Large Shoes Upon Little Feet, And Little Shoes Upon Large Feet, And Finding That They Did Not Fit.

Men

Shoes

Feet

I Went To My Father's At Night. He Spoke Of Poor John [boswell's Brother] With Disgust. I Was Shocked And Said, "he's Your Son, And God Made Him." He Answered Very Harshly, "if My Sons Are Idiots, Can I Help It?

Brother

Father

Son

The Connection Between Authors, Printers, And Booksellers Must Be Kept Up.

Connections

Printer

Booksellers

People, I Just Want To Say, You Know, Can We All Get Along? Can We Get Along? Can We Stop Making It, Making It Horrible For The Older People And The Kids? A Man Cannot Know Himself Better Than By Attending To The Feelings Of His Heart And To His External Actions, From Which He May With Tolerable Certainty Judge "what Manner Of Person He Is." I Have Therefore Determined To Keep A Daily Journal.

Heart

Kids

Men

For My Own Part I Think No Innocent Species Of Wit Or Pleasantry Should Be Suppressed: And That A Good Pun May Be Admitted Among The Smaller Excellencies Of Lively Conversation.

Thinking

May

Innocence

I Suppose No Person Ever Enjoyed With More Relish The Infusion Of That Fragrant Leaf Than Johnson.

Infusion

Leafs

Johnson

My Definition Of Man Is, A Cooking Animal. The Beasts Have Memory, Judgement, And All The Faculties And Passions Of Our Mind, In A Certain Degree; But No Beast Is A Cook....man Alone Can Dress A Good Dish; And Every Man Whatever Is More Or Less A Cook, In Seasoning What He Himself Eats.

Memories

Passion

Animal

I, Who Have No Sisters Or Brothers, Look With Some Degree Of Innocent Envy On Those Who May Be Said To Be Born To Friends.

Sister

Friends

Brother

But What Can A Man See Of A Library Being One Day In It?

Men

One Day

Library

Many Infidels Have Maintained That Ignorance Is The Mother Of Devotion.

Mother

Ignorance

Worship

Nay, Sir, It Was Not The Wine That Made Your Head Ache, But The Sense That I Put Into It' 'what, Sir! Will Sense Make The Head Ache?' 'yes, Sir, (with A Smile,) When It Is Not Used To It.

Wine

Used

Made

In Every Picture There Should Be Shade As Well As Light.

Light

Shade

Should

Dr Johnson Said, The Inscription Should Have Been In Latin, As Every Thing Intended To Be Universal And Permanent, Should Be.

Latin

Should Have

Drs

I Think There Is A Blossom About Me Of Something More Distinguished Than The Generality Of Mankind.

Thinking

Mankind

Distinguished

We Must Take Our Friends As They Are.

Reality

Melancholy Cannot Be Clearly Proved To Others, So It Is Better To Be Silent About It.

Melancholy

Silent

Unhappiness

I Am Sensible That My Keenness Of Temper, And A Vanity To Be Distinguished For The Day, Make Me Too Often Splash In Life.... I Amresolved To Restrain Myself And Attend More To Decorum.

Ambition

Vanity

Manners

In Every Place, Where There Is Any Thing Worthy Of Observation, There Should Be A Short Printed Directory For Strangers.

Stranger

Should

Worthy

Drinking Is In Reality An Occupation Which Employs A Considerable Portion Of The Time Of Many People; And To Conduct It In The Most Rational And Agreeable Manner Is One Of The Great Arts Of Living.

Art

Drinking

Reality

I Argued That The Chastity Of Women Was Of Much More Consequence Than That Of Men, As The Property And Rights Of Families Depend Upon It.

Family

Men

Rights

We Often Observe In Lawyers, Who As Quicquid Agunt Homines Is The Matter Of Law Suits, Are Sometimes Obliged To Pick Up A Temporary Knowledge Of An Art Or Science, Of Which They Understood Nothing Till Their Brief Was Delivered, And Appear To Be Much Masters Of It.

Art

Knowledge

Science

If A Man Is Prodigal, He Cannot Be Truly Generous.

Men

Generosity

Prodigals

That Favorite Subject, Myself.

Favorite Subject

Subjects

I Have Discovered That We May Be In Some Degree Whatever Character We Choose. Besides, Practice Forms A Man To Anything.

Life

Success

Character

Addison Writes With The Ease Of A Gentleman. His Readers Fancy That A Wise And Accomplished Companion Is Talking To Them; So Thathe Insinuates His Sentiments And Taste Into Their Minds By An Imperceptible Influence. Johnson Writes Like A Teacher. He Dictates To His Readers As If From An Academical Chair. They Attend With Awe And Admiration; And His Precepts Are Impressed Upon Them By His Commanding Eloquence. Addison's Style, Like A Light Wine, Pleases Everybody From The First. Johnson's, Like A Liquor Of More Body, Seems Too Strong At First, But, By Degrees, Is Highly Relished.

Wise

Teacher

Strong

It Is Wonderful That Five Thousand Years Have Now Elapsed Since The Creation Of The World, And Still It Is Undecided Whether Or Not There Has Ever Been An Instance Of The Spirit Of Any Person Appearing After Death. All Argument Is Against It; But All Belief Is For It.

Years

World

Spirit

In An Orchard There Should Be Enough To Eat, Enough To Lay Up, Enough To Be Stolen, And Enough To Rot On The Ground.

Tree

Fruit

Enough

He Had No Settled Plan Of Life, Nor Looked Forward At All, But Merely Lived From Day To Day. Yet He Read A Great Deal In A Desultory Manner, Without Any Scheme Of Study, As Chance Threw Books In His Way, And Inclination Directed Him Through Them.

Book

Way

Chance

I Am, I Flatter Myself, Completely A Citizen Of The World. In My Travels Through Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, France, I Never Felt Myself From Home.

Home

Switzerland

Germany

My Curiosity To See The Melancholy Spectacle Of The Executions Was So Strong That I Could Not Resist It, Although I Was Sensible That I Would Suffer Much From It.... I Got Upon A Scaffold Near The Fatal Tree So That I Could Clearly See All The Dismal Scene.... I Was Most Terribly Shocked, And Thrown Into A Very Deep Melancholy.

Death

Strong

Tree

Those Who Would Extirpate Evil From The World Know Little Of Human Nature. As Well Might Punch Be Palatable Without Souring As Existence Agreeable Without Care.

Evil

World

Care

Influence Must Ever Be In Proportion To Property; And It Is Right It Should.

Influence

Should

Proportion

Writing A Book I Have Found To Be Like Building A House. A Man Forms A Plan, And Collects Materials.

Book

Writing

Men

Friendship, "the Wine Of Life," Should, Like A Well-stocked Cellar, Be Continually Renewed.

Friendship

Wine

Should

The Man Who Stops Making New Friends Eventually Will Have None.

Men

New Friends

He Man

Wine Makes A Man Better Pleased With Himself. I Do Not Say That It Makes Him More Pleasing To Others. Sometimes It Does. But The Danger Is, That While A Man Grows Better Pleased With Himself, He May Be Growing Less Pleasing To Others. Wine Gives A Man Nothing. It Neither Gives Him Knowledge Nor Wit; It Only Animates A Man, And Enables Him To Bring Out What A Dread Of The Company Has Presented.

Wine

Men

Giving

O Charitable Philosopher, I Beg You To Help Me. My Mind Is Weak But My Soul Is Strong. Kindle That Soul, And The Sacred Fire Shall Never Be Extinguished.

Strong

Fire

Soul

Dr. Johnson ... Sometimes Employed Himself In Chymistry, Sometimes In Watering And Pruning A Vine, And Sometimes In Small Experiments, At Which Those Who May Smile, Should Recollect That There Are Moments Which Admit Of Being Soothed Only By Trifles.

Science

Drs

Vines

There Is Indeed A Strange Prejudice Against Quotation.

Prejudice

Strange

Quotations

One Must Be Strict Even In Little Things.

Littles

Little Things

Strict

As All Who Come Into The Country Must Obey The King, So All Who Come Into An University Must Be Of The Church.

Country

Kings

Church

When A Man Is Familiar With Many People He Must Expect Many Disagreeable Familiarizations.

Friendship

Men

People

Why Should Not The Knowledge, The Skill, The Expertness, The Assiduity, And The Spirited Hazards Of Trade And Commerce, When Crowned With Success, Be Entitled To Give Those Flattering Distinctions By Which Mankind Are So Universally Captivated? Such Are The Specious, But False Arguments For A Proposition Which Always Will Find Numerous Advocates, In A Nation Where Men Are Every Day Starting Up From Obscurity To Wealth. To Refute Them Is Needless. The General Sense Of Mankind Cries Out, With Irresistible Force, "un Gentilhomme Est Toujours Gentilhomme.

Men

Starting Up

Class

Boswell, When He Speaks Of His Life Of Johnson, Calls It My Magnum Opus, But It May More Properly Be Called His Opera, For It Is Truly A Composition Founded On A True Story, In Which There Is A Hero With A Number Of Subordinate Characters, And An Alternate Succession Of Recitative And Airs Of Various Tone And Effect, All However In Delightful Animation.

Hero

Character

Air

I Am So Fond Of Tea That I Could Write A Whole Dissertation On Its Virtues. It Comforts And Enlivens Without The Risks Attendant On Spirituous Liquors. Gentle Herb! Let The Florid Grape Yield To Thee. Thy Soft Influence Is A More Safe Inspirer Of Social Joy.

Writing

Yield

Joy

I Have Seen Many A Bear Led By A Man: But I Never Before Saw A Man Led By A Bear.

Men

Saws

Bears

I Make It A Kind Of Pious Rule To Go To Every Funeral To Which I Am Invited, Both As I Wish To Pay A Proper Respect To The Dead, Unless Their Characters Have Been Bad, And As I Would Wish To Have The Funeral Of My Own Near Relations Or Of Myself Well Attended.

Death

Character

Funeral

The Scent Of Sloth Tempts A Smug Man.

Men

Sloth

Scent

To Abolish A Status, Which In All Ages God Has Sanctioned, And Man Has Continued, Would Not Only Be Robbery To An Innumerable Class Of Our Fellow-subjects; But It Would Be Extreme Cruelty To The African Savages, A Portion Of Whom It Saves From Massacre, Or Intolerable Bondage In Their Own Country, And Introduces Into A Much Happier State Of Life; Especially Now When Their Passage To The West-indies And Their Treatment There Is Humanely Regulated.

Country

Men

West Indies

Quotation Is More Universal And More Ancient Than One Would Perhaps Believe.

Believe

Ancient

Universal

In Comparing These Two Writers, He [samuel Johnson] Used This Expression: "that There Was As Great A Difference Between Them As Between A Man Who Knew How A Watch Was Made, And A Man Who Could Tell The Hour By Looking On The Dial-plate." This Was A Short And A Figurative Statement Of His Distinction Between Drawing Characters Of Nature And Characters Only Of Manners, But I Cannot Help Being Of Opinion, That The Neat Watches Of Fielding Are As Well Constructed As The Large Clocks Of Richardson, And That His Dial Plates Are Brighter.

Character

Men

Drawing

A Page Of My Journal Is Like A Cake Of Portable Soup. A Little May Be Diffused Into A Considerable Portion.

Cake

Soup

May

No, Sir, Claret Is The Liquor For Boys; Port For Men: But He Who Aspires To Be A Hero Must Drink Brandy. In The First Place Brandy Will Do Soonest For A Man What Drinking Can Do For Him.

Drinking

Hero

Wine

Understanding Quotes: Their Essence and Application

Quotes, or quotations, are powerful tools in communication, encapsulating ideas, emotions, and wisdom in concise expressions. They serve various purposes across different contexts, from academic writing to everyday conversation.

1. Defining Quotes

A quote is a repetition of someone else's statement or thoughts. It can be a direct replication of words spoken or written by another individual, often used to support arguments, provide evidence, or convey profound insights.

2. The Importance of Quotes

2.1. Enhancing Credibility

Incorporating quotes from authoritative sources can bolster the credibility of your work. By referencing experts or primary sources, you demonstrate thorough research and a solid foundation for your arguments.

2.2. Providing Evidence

Quotes serve as concrete evidence to support claims. In academic and professional writing, they validate points made, offering readers a basis to trust the information presented.

2.3. Conveying Emotions and Perspectives

Quotes can encapsulate emotions and perspectives succinctly. They allow writers to express complex feelings or viewpoints through the words of others, often more eloquently than paraphrasing.

3. Types of Quotes

3.1. Direct Quotes

Direct quotes involve copying the exact words from a source, enclosed in quotation marks. They are used when the original wording is significant or particularly well-expressed.

3.2. Indirect Quotes (Paraphrasing)

Indirect quotes restate the original message in your own words. While not enclosed in quotation marks, they still require proper attribution to the original source.

3.3. Block Quotes

Block quotes are lengthy direct quotations, formatted as a separate block of text. They are typically used for quotes exceeding a certain length, varying by citation style. For instance, in APA style, quotes longer than 40 words are formatted as block quotes.

4. Proper Usage of Quotes

4.1. Contextual Relevance

Ensure that the quote you choose is relevant to the topic and adds value to your content. Avoid inserting quotes solely for decorative purposes.

4.2. Integration into Your Writing

Seamlessly integrate quotes into your writing. Introduce them appropriately and follow up with analysis or commentary to connect them to your main points.

4.3. Attribution and Citation

Always attribute quotes to their original authors and provide proper citations according to the required style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid

5.1. Overusing Quotes

Relying too heavily on quotes can overshadow your voice. Use them sparingly to support your arguments, not replace them.

5.2. Lack of Analysis

Presenting a quote without analysis or explanation can leave readers questioning its relevance. Always follow up with your interpretation or discussion.

5.3. Misquoting or Taking Out of Context

Ensure that quotes are accurate and not taken out of context, as this can mislead readers and undermine your credibility.

6. Quotes in Different Contexts

6.1. Academic Writing

In academic writing, quotes are used to support arguments, provide evidence, and engage with existing literature. Proper citation is crucial to avoid plagiarism.

6.2. Journalism

Journalists use quotes to provide firsthand accounts, add authenticity, and present multiple perspectives within a story.

6.3. Literature and Creative Writing

In literature, quotes can be used to convey character voices, themes, and stylistic elements. They enrich narratives and provide depth to storytelling.

7. Punctuation and Formatting

Understanding the correct punctuation and formatting of quotes is essential:

Quotation Marks: Always enclose direct quotes within quotation marks.

Punctuation Placement: In American English, periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks, while colons and semicolons are placed outside.

Block Quotes: For longer quotes, format them as block quotes without quotation marks, and indent the entire block.

8. Ethical Considerations

Ethical use of quotes involves accurate representation, proper attribution, and respect for intellectual property. Misuse can lead to plagiarism, which carries serious academic and professional consequences.

9. Tools for Managing Quotes

Utilize tools like citation generators and plagiarism checkers to manage quotes effectively. These tools help ensure proper formatting and originality in your writing.

Conclusion

Quotes are invaluable in enriching content, providing evidence, and conveying complex ideas succinctly. When used appropriately, they enhance the quality and credibility of your writing. Always ensure relevance, proper integration, and ethical usage to maximize their impact.

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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

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